野战弹药储存防热现状及温度指标论证

分析了野战弹药的储存防热现状,论证了野战弹药储存防热的温度指标。通过对火炸药储存性能参数的计算并结合我国的实际气候状况,确定了野战弹药的储存防热指标为环境温度应控制在40℃以下。最后,提出了今后野战弹药储存防热的研究方向。     

稻田CO2通量对光强和温度变化的响应特征

采用涡度相关法对我国亚热带稻田生态系统CO2通量进行了连续监测,并对CO2通量随光强和温度变化的响应特征进行了分析.结果表明,白天稻田生态系统CO2通量对光强的响应过程可以用直角双曲线方程进行描述.随光强的增加,CO2通量(绝对值)呈增加趋势,当光强大于1 000μmol/(m2·s)时,CO2通量变化比较稳定.早、晚稻间以及不同生育期水稻的光量子利用效率和最大光合速率存在一定的差异.晚稻的光量子利用效率(0.046 5～0.099 9 μmol/μmol)高于早稻(0.0176～0.0541μmol/μmol),并以水稻生长旺盛期的光量子利用效率和最大光合速率最高.夜间稻田生态系统呼吸速率随土壤温度的升高呈指数增加,5 cm土层温度可以作为反映稻田呼吸速率变化的温度指标.早稻生长季生态系统呼吸对温度的变化明显较晚稻生长季更为敏感.     

反渗透用于APT离子交换废水的处理与回用

试验分别研究了反渗透膜Duraslick RO2540和RE2540-TE对APT冶炼离子交换废水的处理效果。研究结果表明,在最佳压力条件下,Duraslick RO2540膜对Cl-的截留率为91.4%,产水率为16.9%;RE2540-TE膜对Cl-的截留率为93.4%,产水率为17.2%。在压力为1.7MPa,温度为25℃时,浓缩实验结果表明,产水中Cl-浓度和膜的截留率随着时间变化而逐渐增加,但膜通量逐渐减小,且RE2540-TE膜通量下降幅度较大。清洗后,RE2540-TE膜通量损失达到6%,而Duraslick RO2540膜通量恢复幅度为98%。     

闽江河口芦苇潮汐湿地甲烷通量及主要影响因子

2007年利用静态箱-气相色谱仪法对闽江河口区最大的鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地和入侵种互花米草斑块涨潮前、涨落潮过程及落潮后甲烷通量季节动态进行了原位测定,并利用室内培养-气相色谱仪法测定了芦苇湿地不同土层土壤甲烷产生潜力.结果表明,鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地全年均属于大气甲烷的排放源,排放通量具有明显的季节变化;涨潮前、涨落潮过程和落潮后甲烷通量大小并无一致的规律,平均排放通量分别为5.13、5.06和4.74 mg·m-2·h-1,差异不显著,其中涨落潮过程排放到潮水和大气环境的甲烷通量分别为2.98和2.08 mg·m-2·h-1.互花米草入侵斑块年均甲烷排放通量(11.02mg·m-2·h-1)明显高于芦苇湿地年均甲烷排放通量(4.98mg·m-2·h-1),互花米草入侵明显增加了闽江河口区湿地的甲烷排放通量.芦苇湿地0～40 cm土壤中甲烷产生潜力范围为0.029～0.123μg·g-1·d-1,0～5 cm土层的甲烷产生潜力最大,且与其它土层差异显著(P<0.05).气温、土壤温度和地上生物量对芦苇湿地甲烷排放影响显著(P<0.05),落潮后芦苇湿地甲烷排放通量与盐度有负相关关系.     

Experimental investigation of open core downdraft biomass gasifier for food processing industry

This paper deals with field related experience of a low temperature industrial heat application through biomass gasification. The gasification system is essentially consists of an open top down draft reactor lined with ceramic. The experiment reveals that 6.5 kg of liquefy petroleum gas (LPG) is fully replaced by 38 kg of sized wood on hourly basis. The maximum temperature attained was 367°C in 130 min at 100.7 Nm³ h⁻¹ gas flow rate. This system has resulted a saving of about 19.5 tons of LPG over 3,000 h of operation, implying a saving of about 33 tons of CO₂ emission, thus a promising candidate for clean development mechanism. Fuel economic analysis of gasifier system showed that the saving was about 13,850 US$ for 3,000 h of baking operation.     

黄绵土N2O排放的水分效应及动力学特征

通过室内模拟试验,研究湿度对西北地区黄绵土N2O排放的影响.结果表明:在试验温度下,随着土壤湿度增加,土壤N2O捧放量增加;但土壤孔隙含水量(WFPS)为20.67%时例外.此时黄绵土对空气中N2O有吸附现象,即在低含水量时,黄绵土有可能是N2O的汇.在试验设计的土壤湿度范围内,15℃条件下土壤N2O排放的最大水分效应区间在49.18%～57.86%(WFPS)之间,20℃条件下在38.14%～49.18%(WFPS)之间,25℃、30℃和35℃时累积量湿区在20.67%～38.14%(WFPS)之间,即随着温度的升高,N2O的最大水分效应区间提前.土壤N2O累积排放量(y)动力学曲线符合修正的Elovich方程(P<0.01),随着湿度的增加,表观排放速率(b)增大,25℃、300C和35℃时,N2O初始排放量(a)也随着湿度增加而增大;15℃、20℃和25℃时,土壤湿度(20.67%～57.86%WFPS)对农田土样N2O排放总量的作用表现为线性关系,30℃和35℃时表现为对数关系.     

外置浸没式超滤膜处理垃圾焚烧发电厂渗滤液

结合外置浸没式超滤膜处理垃圾渗滤液的中试试验,对垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液SBR出水进行处理,主要研究结果如下:外置浸没式超滤膜(膜孔径0.1μm)对COD_(Cr)去除率为36.86%,出水SDI为1.87~3.69,可以作为纳滤预处理工艺使用,选取10 L/(m~2·h)的运行通量较为合理。     

长寿湖水体甲基汞光化学降解特征

为明确长寿湖水体甲基汞(MMHg)光化学降解特征,采用硼硅玻璃瓶对水样进行原位培养,探讨了长寿湖水体MMHg光化学降解的季节差异性及垂直变化特征,分析了不同波段光波对MMHg光化学降解反应的贡献,并估算了MMHg光化学降解的通量.结果发现,在光的作用下,长寿湖水体表层MMHg会发生明显的降解反应,未发现明显的净甲基化结果.在水体表层,夏季MMHg光化学降解速率最快((6.10±0.38)×10-3E~(-1)·m~2),其次为春季((4.90±0.24)×10-3E~(-1)·m2),秋冬季节的降解速率较低,分别为(3.10±0.19)×10-3E~(-1)·m~2和(2.60±0.12)×10-3E~(-1)·m~2;UV-A、UV-B和可见光(PAR)对表层水体MMHg光化学降解反应的贡献分别为49%~52%、21%~31%和21%~34%.MMHg光化学降解速率随水深增加而逐步衰减,其中,UV-B引发的光化学降解反应速率衰减最快,其次为UV-A.对整个水体而言,PAR对MMHg光化学降解的贡献最大(67%~77%),其次为UV-A(25%~31%),UV-B的贡献最小(4.3%~8.1%).夏、秋、冬和春4个季节的MMHg日降解通量分别为7.2、0.73、1.1和5.9 ng·m-2·d~(-1),年降解通量估算为1.5μg·m-2·a~(-1).可见,长寿湖水体MMHg光化学降解反应具有明显的季节和水深剖面变化特征,不同波段光波对降解反应的贡献有较大的差异.     

Waste‐to‐energy recovery potential: A case study at Jaipur railway station

A study was conducted at the Jaipur railway station in Jaipur, India, to give the perspectives of the actual waste management practices there. Required information was collected from the stakeholders by means of semi‐structured questionnaires, individual and group interviews, and recorded, official data regarding waste generation, collection, transportation, and disposal. Further quantitative and compositional analyses were performed by means of surveys and measurements. Field visits were made for collection of waste samples for quantification and for the study of its management. The field data were compiled and analyzed by sorting the waste into different components. It was found that 1.8 tons of solid waste is collected per day, and a considerable percentage of it comprises paper, plastic, and glass. Excluding the inerts, which are irrelevant from the point of view of energy saving and recovery potential, the average moisture content was found to be 3.38%. From the perspective of life cycle analysis, the option of composting or recycling would give savings of 28.33 gigajoules (GJ) per day over landfilling, while combustion would give savings of 2.97 GJ per day in comparison to landfilling. Analysis based on a compositional model gives a heat value of 8,157.87 kilojoules per kilogram, which amounts to 14.68 GJ of energy per day.     

双向微槽道多孔复合结构沸腾传热研究

目的研究出新型的表面结构,以提高沸腾传热强化。方法在紫铜板上烧结铜粉多孔层,然后利用线切割对多孔层进行开槽。研究槽道参数包括槽数、槽宽、槽间距和槽向等对沸腾传热效果的影响。结果开槽增大了传热的表面积,有利于气体逸出,减少气体的逸出阻力,从而多孔表面开槽强化了沸腾传热效果,传热系数与光滑表面相比可提高2~3倍。与单向微槽道相比,双向交叉槽道有着更好的传热效果,能够形成一个稳定的液体补充和气体逸出网络。结论在多孔表面加工微型复合结构,能够大幅度提高沸腾传热强化。