模拟SO_4~(2-)沉降对河口潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量的影响

2008年每月小潮日原位定期向闽江河口鳝鱼滩咸草(Cyperus malaccensis)潮汐湿地试验样地施加25,50,100kgSO42--S/(hm2·a)的硫酸钠溶液,探讨模拟SO42-酸沉降对河口潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量的影响.结果表明,SO42-酸沉降对于河口潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量基本无抑制作用.添加SO42-室内厌氧培养试验结果显示,虽然SO42-输入对湿地土壤CH4产生量具有一定的抑制作用,但相对对照组,下降幅度仅为8.5%~15.4%.室内添加甲烷产生基质的厌氧培养试验结果表明,非竞争性途径甲烷产生基质(甲醇和三甲胺)的添加可刺激并增加土壤的甲烷产生量,解释了原位施加SO42-对于河口潮汐湿地甲烷排放通量的基本无抑制作用的试验结果.     

系留气球整流罩散热数值仿真

目的解决系留气球整流罩散热设计问题。方法通过建立三维几何和离散模型,利用FLUENT开展热-流数值仿真计算,结合编制UDF同时实现整流罩外部对流、外部太阳辐射和内部对流、内部红外辐射和内部热源的实时耦合计算(双向耦合)。筛选环境最严酷状态(风速、温度和太阳辐射),对系留气球整流罩在3000 m和6000 m高度的散热性能进行分析。结果按最严酷状态进行分析后,在3000 m和6000 m工作高度,必须引入外界空气向整流罩内强制通风对流,才能保证任务设备工作环境要求。升空后,由于环境温度下降,整流罩散热增加,任务设备(雷达)散热所需引入外界通风量减少。3000 m^-3 m/s工况下,在整流罩进气口质量流量为1.0 kg/s时,整流罩内部维持在39~40℃;6000 m^-3 m/s工况下,在整流罩进气口质量流量为0.5 kg/s时,整流罩内部维持在25.5~26℃。整流罩上强制通风进气口应布设在任务设备发热部件下方,同时在整流罩上部和后部开设专用排气口,保证整流罩内部空气流通。结论双向耦合计算方法可快速获取系留气球整流罩在各状态条件下的散热详情,为整流罩散热设计及内部任务设备的热设计提供详实设计依据,相比工程估算和单向耦合更加贴近实际状态,计算精度更高。双向耦合计算方法和仿真数据可为同类型系留气球整流罩散热设计提供参考。     

焚烧法和厌氧消化法处理制革污泥中热值、硫、铬的比较

焚烧法和厌氧消化法都是利用制革污泥中热量的有效方法。比较两种方法所产生的热量,以及污泥处理过程中向大气排放的硫和铬,同时对铬的迁移作了初步的讨论。试验表明:焚烧法产生的热量多于厌氧消化方法,而厌氧消化方法中硫以及重金属铬的排放量明显小于焚烧法。     

Nitrous oxide fluxes from upland soils in central Hokkaido, Japan

Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from soils were measured using the closed chamber method during the snow-free seasons (middle April to early November),for three years,in a total of 11 upland crop fields in central Hokkaido,Japan.The annual mean N2O fluxes ranged from 2.95 to 164.17 μgN/(m2·h),with the lowest observed in a grassland and the highest in an onion field.The instantaneous N2O fluxes showed a large temporal variation with peak emissions generally occurring following fertilization and heavy rainfall eve...     

池火灾热辐射计算及模拟

在油罐火灾中,着火罐所释放的热辐射对附近的人员以及设备造成一定的危害,分别采用经验公式以及FDS模拟来计算热辐射强度,并对计算结果进行比较及分析,结果表明两种方法可互相补充完善。     

城市污水中的热能回收及利用研究

对沈阳市目前运行的7座污水处理厂及污水特征参数进行了论述和推算,以北部污水处理厂为例,结合沈阳城市污水源热泵系统规划,通过调查分析供暖企业的燃煤现状及供暖情况,推算出了采用污水供暖取代燃煤供暖后的环境效益和经济效益,并对沈阳建立污水源热泵系统面临的问题提出了对策和建议。     

浸入式超滤膜工艺稳定运行影响因素研究

以确定浸入式超滤膜工艺稳定运行工况为目标,进行了混凝.浸入式超滤膜工艺处理滦河原水的中试研究.采用横跨膜压差(TMP)做为表征膜稳定运行的工艺参数,考察了膜通量、制水周期、原水水质条件的改变对膜工艺的影响.结果表明,采用浸入式膜处理滦河水时,膜通量为53.3 L/(m2·h)且制水周期为30 min时膜工艺运行稳定,能较好控制膜污染;水温变化对膜工艺运行影响较大,低温期单个过滤周期TMP比高藻期增加了76%;EFM和化学清洗结合是一种有效地控制膜污染、强化稳定运行的措施.     

Model evaluation of different mechanisms driving freeze–thaw N2O emissions

N₂O emissions from soil contribute significantly to global warming. Pulse emissions of N₂O from soils during freeze-thawing were recently recognized as important atmospheric sources. In this modelling study we explore three different hypotheses for explaining freeze–thaw related N₂O emissions: (1) soil frost or snow cover may reduce gas diffusion and create anaerobic conditions that stimulate N₂O production via denitrification, (2) microbes that die of frost deliver easy decomposable organic carbon and nitrogen to the soil, which stimulates microbial growth and vigorous N₂O production during freeze–thaw, and (3) the enzyme nitrous oxide reductase, which is responsible for the reduction of N₂O to N₂ during denitrification, is more sensitive to low temperatures than other enzymes, so that N₂O becomes the dominating end-product of denitrification at low temperatures. These hypotheses were tested with a biogeochemical model that combines hydrology and physics calculations with a newly developed, parameter-poor biochemistry module. The model was first calibrated with field datasets on soil–atmosphere fluxes of N₂O, NO and CO₂ and soil NO₃ and NH₄ concentrations that were measured in a spruce forest in Southeast Germany in the years 1994–1997. Subsequently, additional model mechanisms were implemented that allow the model to describe the outlined mechanisms potentially driving freeze–thaw N₂O fluxes. After each implementation the model was recalibrated. We were able to mimic dimension and timing of high N₂O emissions when either one of the first two hypotheses were assumed, but found no confirmation for the third. The best model fit was achieved by combining hypothesis one and two, indicating that freeze–thaw N₂O emissions are not mono-causal.     

Fouling of nanofiltration membrane by e uent organic matter: Characterization using di erent organic fractions in wastewater

The UF membrane with molecular weight cuto (MWCO) ranging from 2 to 100 kDa and XAD-8 resin were employed to identify the characteristic of molecular weight (MW) distribution of wastewater e uent organic matter (EfOM) in terms of TOC and UV254, as well as the amounts of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic organic fractions in di erent MW ranges. Then, the nanofiltration (NF) membrane fouling experiments were carried out using the above fractionated water to investigate the e ect of MW distribution and hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics of EfOM on the membrane flux decline using the fractionated water samples. The experimental results have shown that 45.61% of the total organics belongs to the low MW one, among which the percentage of the hydrophilic organics with low MW (less than 2 kDa) was up to 28.07%, while that of the hydrophobic organics was 17.54%. In particular, the hydrophilic fraction was found to be the most abundant fraction in the e uents. MW distribution has a significant e ect on the membrane fouling. When the MWwas less than 30 kDa, the lower the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, while in the case of MW higher than 30 kDa, the higher the MW, the larger was the specific flux decline, and the decline degree of low MW organics was larger than the high MW one. With the same MW distribution range, specific flux decline of the hydrophilic organic was considerably slower than that of the hydrophobic organic, which indicated that the hydrophobic organic fractions dominantly contribute to the flux decline.     

废印刷电路板资源化处理技术研究进展

随着电子技术的不断发展和科技进步,电子产品更新换代速度的加快,随之产生的电子废弃物数量急剧增加。废印刷电路板作为一种电子废弃物含有一些有害的金属元素,它的随意丢弃将会对自然环境和人体健康构成威胁,因此,废印刷电路板的处理与处置成为亟待解决的问题。文章分析了废印刷电路板资源化处理的意义,介绍了国内外常用的几种处理技术,如冶金技术、机械处理技术、焚烧技术等,对目前尚未应用但很有发展前景的热解与微波处理技术也作了介绍,并对这些方法作了简要的分析与评述。