基于能值分析的城市物质代谢研究

采用能值分析方法,构建了基于城市物质代谢通量指标、代谢存量指标和代谢效率指标的城市物质代谢指标体系,并以北京、天津、上海和重庆四个直辖市为例计算了2005年四城市物质代谢状况。分析结果表明:北京市代谢效率最低;上海市代谢通量和代谢存量最大,但是代谢效率不容乐观;重庆市代谢通量和代谢存量在四个城市中居于末位,但是代谢效率最高;天津市在四个城市中代谢呈中等水平。最后根据分析结果对城市今后的可持续发展提出了意见和建议。     

Thermal effects of a sonic jet fire impingement on a pipe

Although the effects of jet fires are often limited to rather short distances, if their flames impinge on a pipe or a vessel collapse can occur in very short times. In such cases, the heat flux on the affected equipment is very high and wall temperature can increase very rapidly. This can happen in parallel pipelines, if a release occurs and impinges on another one. Nevertheless, jet fire impingement has been scarcely studied. In this communication the results obtained from an experimental set-up are presented. Sonic jet fires impinged on a pipe containing stagnant air or water. The temperatures of the flames impinging on it were measured for the worst case (flame front-bright zone), as well as the evolution with time of the pipe wall temperature at different locations. Initial temperature increases up to around twenty °C/s were registered for the air inside, with maximum values of up to 600 °C reached in 2.5 min, and 800 °C in approximately 9 min. In the case of pipe containing water, in the zone of the wall in contact with the liquid the heating rates were much lower, the maximum temperature reached being up to approximately 150 °C. From the temperatures of the jet flames and of the pipe, the heat fluxes reaching the pipe and the corresponding heat transfer coefficients were obtained. The results obtained emphasized that safe distances are essential in pipelines, together with fire proofing and other safety measures.     

煤田火区温室气体通量测量方法研究进展

为提高煤田火区温室气体通量测量的准确性,科学制定温室气区减排措施,笔者对国内外煤田火区温室气体测量方法进行梳理,对比分析各种测量方法的原理、优缺点和适用范围等,提出测量方法存在的问题及以后的研究方向。研究表明:目前所用的测量方法存在测量精度低、连续性差、假设理想化等缺陷,检测设备的改进应朝着能适应当地地表高温环境并能实现连续监测的方向发展,测量方法应更注重和新技术的结合。     

不同添加剂对聚氨酯泡沫材料阻燃性能的影响

为研究不同添加剂对聚氨酯泡沫材料阻燃性能的影响,对磷酸、硼酸、杨梅单宁阻燃剂3种添加剂处理后的聚氨酯泡沫材料与标准样分别测定氧指数、热值、烟密度等级和热稳定性,并以层次分析法评价阻燃性能优劣。结果表明:4种材料PUF STD、PUF PA、PUF BA、PUF FR的OI、CV依次分别为34.71%、38.59%、35.88%、37.86%,17.4023、16.7037、15.3197、15.0397kJ/g,燃烧时均少烟,热稳定性排序为:TS PA>TS STD>TS FR>TS BA;采用层次分析法分析3种添加剂对聚氨酯泡沫材料阻燃性能的影响顺序由优到劣为:PUF PA>PUF FR>PUF BA>PUF STD。该结论可为聚氨酯材料阻燃添加剂的选择提供参考方向。     

混凝土箱梁水化热温度损伤安全评价模型研究

目前混凝土箱梁0#块在施工过程中出现水化热温度冲击和裂缝现象,严重影响混凝土箱梁结构早期强度的形成以及结构的安全性能.综合考虑混凝土水化热温度荷载和弹模的时变效应,给出时域损伤函数;根据变权分析原理,确定敏感损伤和累积损伤,建立混凝土水化热温度损伤安全评价模型;对混凝土箱梁0#块水化热温度损伤进行三维数值仿真,总结水化热温度损伤时变效应规律,对早期含水化热温度损伤参数的混凝土箱梁结构安全性能进行分析评价.结果表明:混凝土水化热反应速率、水化热温差峰值与损伤速率敏感度、累积损伤敏感度同步.温差峰值过大、水化热反应速率过快,敏感损伤度和累积损伤度增大,安全指标降低,易形成温冲,产生裂缝,导致整体破坏.通过时域损伤函数和安全评价模型可及时分析计算混凝土箱梁0#块的安全指标,指导混凝土箱梁0#块安全施工.     

平板膜生物反应器临界通量测定方法研究

临界通量在膜污染控制中是一个非常重要的概念.本文采用通量阶梯式递增法测定平板膜生物反应器的临界通量,在此基础上考察了不同测定参数对临界通量的影响.结果表明,测定临界通量过程中,当初始启动通量小于临界通量时,其对临界通量的测定值影响不大;当通量阶梯递增量增大时,临界通量的测定结果变小;当测定间隔时间段变长时,临界通量的测定结果相应变小.在测定临界通量时,推荐以下测定参数:通量阶梯递增量不大于4 L/(m2·h),测定间隔时间段取15～30 min;初始启动通量的选择要适宜,太大可能导致试验结果的误差.     

事故后果模拟分析法在安全评价应用中的问题及处理

分析了事故后果模拟分析方法在安全评价应用中存在的问题,方法中有关参数要根据现场实际情况计算、测量选取,否则计算结果就会失真.     

Water quality in rice-growing watersheds in a Mediterranean climate

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) agriculture is estimated to cover 161 million ha of land on Earth, with 10% grown in temperate regions. Currently there are strong concerns about surface water nutrient pollution, and the purpose of this study was to determine the impacts of temperate rice cultivation on nutrient dynamics at the small watershed scale. Over the course of the 2008 growing season (May through September), bi-weekly grab samples were collected from outlets of 11 agricultural subwatersheds in California. Samples were analyzed for NO₃-N, NH₄-N, PO₄-P, K, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations, and the average values across all subwatersheds and sampling dates were 0.22, 0.031, 0.047, 1.36, and 0.32 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Linear mixed effects analysis was used to evaluate the magnitude of relationships between nutrient concentration and flux and subwatershed characteristics (i.e. percent soil clay and organic matter, percent rice area, irrigation water reuse, subwatershed discharge, irrigated area, and time, measured as the day in the growing season). For all nutrients, flux decreased over time and increased with discharge. Concentrations of K and DON were highest at the start and end of the growing season. Concentrations of NH₄-N were near non-detect levels, with the exception of a peak in mid-July, which corresponds to when many growers top-dress rice fields with N fertilizer. Nitrate-N concentration and flux decreased with percent rice area, whereas PO₄-P concentrations increased with percent rice area, indicating that rice area should be considered in future watershed-scale studies of nutrient discharge. In all subwatersheds, the discharge loads of K were smaller than surface water input loads, while NO₃-N, NH₄-N, PO₄-P, and DON discharge loads exceeded input loads when total growing season discharge was greater than 3500-6600 m³ ha⁻¹. This implies that the management of subwatershed discharge can be used to control nutrient export from rice-growing areas.     

热泵蒸发及其在浓缩垃圾渗滤液中应用的初探

在热泵蒸发过程中,二次蒸汽压缩比是个至关重要的参数,它直接关系到热泵蒸发的经济程度。对热泵蒸发中的传热过程及可利用的余热作了全面分析。最后对热泵蒸发在浓缩垃圾渗滤液中的应用进行了探讨。     

Mercury in leaf litter in typical suburban and urban broadleaf forests in China

Leaf litterfall plays an important role in transporting atmospheric mercury to soil in forests area.