上海城市河流温室气体排放特征及其影响因素

为研究城区和郊区河流3种温室气体(N₂O、CH₄和CO₂)排放通量的差异,分别于春季(2013年4月)、夏季(2013年7月)、秋季(2013年10月)和冬季(2014年1月),利用浮箱法和扩散模型法对上海市城区河流(苏州河)和郊区河流(淀浦河)的温室气体排放通量进行了观测;并探讨了人类活动干扰下环境因子对温室气体排放的影响. 结果表明:研究区内2条河流是温室气体的排放源,城区河流N₂O和CH₄的扩散排放通量和浮箱排放通量年均值均比郊区河流大1~2个量级, CO₂两种排放通量在城郊区2条河流的年均值相当. 苏州河N₂O、CO₂和CH₄扩散排放通量年均值分别为15.88、6 748.27和84.98 μmol/(m2·h);淀浦河分别为0.61、2 978.98和9.61 μmol/(m2·h). 苏州河N₂O、CO₂和CH₄浮箱排放通量年均值为15.77、4 041.61和6 721.08 μmol/(m2·h);淀浦河为0.60、1 214.77和59.58 μmol/(m2·h). 城市河流呈现出高氮负荷及缺氧的特征,是影响中心城区河流N₂O、CO₂和CH₄扩散排放通量偏高的重要因素. CH₄浮箱排放通量和扩散排放通量的差异显示,城市河流中的富碳氮缺氧环境条件有利于随机气泡排放的发生,增强了温室气体的排放.      

水体氧动态对氮磷地球化学行为的影响

底层水体氧动态直接制约着许多与底栖生物的生物、生态行为息息相关的生物地球化学过程. 高分辨率(垂向分辨率为3 mm)的原位采样技术能精确地获取ρ(PO₄3--P)和ρ(NH₄+-N)在沉积物-水界面微环境的分布特征,这对准确掌握营养盐在该区域发生的独特的生物地球化学过程至关重要. 研究表明,连续曝氮气或空气下,孔隙水中ρ(NH₄+-N)显著提高,升温使该效应进一步增强. 在常温下,曝空气沉积物孔隙水中ρ(PO₄3--P)显著下降,曝氮气则无显著影响;但厌氧条件下升温至35 ℃时ρ(PO₄3--P)显著增加. 在低氧和厌氧时,PO₄3--P从沉积物向水体的扩散速率(以P计)为10.41~25.85 mg/(m2·d);但底层DO充足或CaO₂添加剂量为5 g/m2致ρ(DO)呈过饱和状态时,PO₄3--P释放速率从0.07 mg/(m2·d)进一步降至-17.20 mg/(m2·d),说明随着ρ(DO)的升高,PO₄3--P有进一步削减的潜力. PO₄3--P在界面处的释放强度显著依赖于氧气和温度的动态. 总体来看,DO充足时,NH₄+-N和PO₄3--P的地球化学循环过程表现为从上覆水向沉积物吸附固定;当升温或缺氧时,这一过程可能被抑制甚至发生逆转.      

次毫米过滤组件分离高浓度污泥试验

采用自主研制的一种次毫米过滤组件,实现高浓度污泥的折衷分离,考察了ρ（污泥）（10～30 g/L）、组件孔径（0.10～1.00 mm）及压差（水头差:30 cm H₂O,90 cm H₂O）对次毫米过滤通量和平均通量的影响;利用多元线性回归模型和因素主次分析方法,探讨了三因素对平均通量的影响程度.结果表明:在不同的ρ（污泥）、组件孔径及压差条件下,过滤通量随时间均呈负指数形式衰减;三因素对平均通量的影响程度为ρ（污泥）>组件孔径>压差,ρ（污泥）与平均通量呈负相关,组件孔径、压差与平均通量呈正相关.同时,通过解析多元线性回归模型得到次毫米平均通量的表达式,为试验设计的优化提供了理论依据.      

真空膜蒸馏处理发制品废水

采用聚丙烯平板膜组件,利用真空膜蒸馏处理发制品废水。考察了进料温度（45.0~70.0 ℃）、进料流量（60~150 L/h）、透过侧真空度（10.0~85.0 kPa）、废水pH、表面活性剂对膜性能的影响。在冷却水流量60 L/h、进料流量120 L/h、进料温度60.0 ℃、透过侧真空度75.0 kPa、废水pH约1.5的条件下,分别对实际发制品废水和模拟发制品废水进行了36 h的运行测试。实验结果表明：两种废水的平均膜渗透通量分别为32.09 kg/（m²·h）和32.66 kg/（m²·h）,截留率分别保持在99.54%和99.83%以上;产水的pH约为6.8,COD和TDS几乎为0,完全满足《污水综合排放标准》（GB 8978—1996）中的二级排放标准。     

Home composting as an alternative treatment option for organic household waste in Denmark: An environmental assessment using life cycle assessment-modelling

An environmental assessment of the management of organic household waste (OHW) was performed from a life cycle perspective by means of the waste-life cycle assessment (LCA) model EASEWASTE. The focus was on home composting of OHW in Denmark and six different home composting units (with different input and different mixing frequencies) were modelled. In addition, incineration and landfilling was modelled as alternatives to home composting. The most important processes contributing to the environmental impact of home composting were identified as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (load) and the avoided emissions in relation to the substitution of fertiliser and peat when compost was used in hobby gardening (saving). The replacement of fertiliser and peat was also identified as one of the most sensible parameters, which could potentially have a significant environmental benefit. Many of the impact categories (especially human toxicity via water (HTw) and soil (HTs)) were affected by the heavy metal contents of the incoming OHW. The concentrations of heavy metals in the compost were below the threshold values for compost used on land and were thus not considered to constitute a problem. The GHG emissions were, on the other hand, dependent on the management of the composting units. The frequently mixed composting units had the highest GHG emissions. The environmental profiles of the home composting scenarios were in the order of −2 to 16 milli person equivalents (mPE) Mg⁻¹ wet waste (ww) for the non-toxic categories and −0.9 to 28 mPE Mg⁻¹ ww for the toxic categories. Home composting performed better than or as good as incineration and landfilling in several of the potential impact categories. One exception was the global warming (GW) category, in which incineration performed better due to the substitution of heat and electricity based on fossil fuels.     

炼油厂IGCC电站NOx排放控制技术比较与工程实践

针对IGCC电站烟气排放ρ（NO_x）不达标的问题,分别采用燃气轮机注氮脱硝和余热锅炉（余热蒸汽发生器,HRSG ）SCR脱硝技术降低烟气的NO_x排放量。介绍了两种技术的原理,比较了两种技术的脱硝效果、运行成本及技术特点。实际运行结果表明：安装了注氮设备的燃气轮机可以控制排气的ρ（NO_x）小于90 mg/m³,但每年的运行成本较高（达2 250万元）;在余热锅炉中安装SCR脱硝设备,性能测试数据符合设计要求,SCR出口ρ（NO_x）小于50 mg/m³,且每年的运行成本较低,仅为422万元。     

玻璃纤维编织管动态膜生物反应器处理沼渣废液

一种新型的玻璃纤维编织管动态膜生物反应器应用于高黏度、高氨氮和高COD的沼渣废液的处理。该玻璃纤维编织管经过了固化和覆膜的组合改性,膜组件采用平板化的栅式构型。研究表明:组合改性方式分别为1∶4+1∶50和1∶2+1∶50时的膜组件的稳定通量分别为5.45 L/(m2.h)和6.50 L/(m2.h);同时膜组件的清洗效果良好,再次运行仍能够稳定,通量为5.35 L/(m2.h)。而且出水比较澄清,没有臭味,养分也得到了有效保留。此外,改性后的玻纤编织管估算价格约为93.2元/m2,低于传统有机膜。     

Model of stomatal ammonia compensation point (STAMP) in relation to the plant nitrogen and carbon metabolisms and environmental conditions

Agricultural crops can be either a source or a sink of ammonia (NH₃). Most NH₃ exchange models developed so far do not account for the plants nitrogen (N) metabolism and use prescribed compensation points. We present here a leaf-scale simplified NH₃ stomatal compensation point model related to the plants N and carbon (C) metabolisms, for C₃ plants. Five compartments are considered: xylem, cytoplasm, apoplasm, vacuole and sub-stomatal cavity. The main processes accounted for are the transport of ammonium (NH₄⁺), NH₃ and nitrate (NO₃⁻) between the different compartments, NH₄⁺ production through photorespiration and NO₃⁻ reduction, NH₄⁺ assimilation, chemical and thermodynamic equilibriums in all the compartments, and stomatal transfer of NH₃.The simulated compensation point is sensitive to paramaters related to the apoplastic compartment: pH, volume and active transport rate. Determining factors are leaf temperature, stomatal conductance and NH₄⁺ flux to the leaf. Atmospheric NH₃ concentration seem to have very little effect on the compensation point in conditions of high N fertilization. Comparison of model outputs to experimental results show that the model underestimates the NH₃ compensation point for high N fertilization and that a better parametrisation of sensitive parameters especially active trasport rate of NH₄⁺ may be required.     

汞矿区大气汞的流通量与汞干湿沉降研究

应用ＦｌｕｘＣｈａｍｂｅｒ技术评价汞矿,矿渣及附近土壤表面汞的流通量,表明,土壤表面汞的流通量平均为１７３．５ｎｇ．ｈ＾－１．ｍ＾－２,矿均为２３６．６ｎｇ．ｈ＾－１．ｍ＾－２,原矿平均为７０ｎｇ．ｈ＾－１．ｍ＾－２。     

循环流化床排烟脱硫模型

以微元分析为基础并建立数据模型,分析了床内气、液相温度的变化对液滴 蒸发和对就内传热质过程的影响以及床内气、液相温度沿床高的变化趋势,并且模拟了排烟循环流化床脱硫过程,对钙硫摩尔比Ｃａ／Ｓ,入口烟气温度Ｔｇ,雾化半径ｒ０等参数对脱硫率的影响进行了分析。并与实验结果进行了比较,在下硫比等于１．４,床内温度接近露点温度的情况下,脱硫效率可以达到９６％以上,计算结果与实验结果符合很好。