反渗透膜污染预测模型的改进

在反渗透非平衡热力学模型的基础上,从膜表面污染层阻力和浓差极化阻力的角度对常见的膜通量模型进行了探讨与改进,推导出了新的反渗透膜污染预测模型,为准确预测膜污染进程提供了理论支持。采用卷式反渗透膜装置对氢氧化铁胶体溶液进行处理,对模型计算值与实测值进行相关性分析,相关系数大于0.95。由此认为,改进的反渗透膜污染预测模型可用于计算运行过程中的膜通量。     

核电厂温排水余热综合利用方案设计的初步研究

核电厂温排水（循环冷却水）余热的充分利用,可以使原本要排放到大气或水域中的热量大大减少,甚至能实现电厂余热的＂零排放＂,在节约能源、产生巨大经济效益的同时,也达到了保护电厂温排水受纳水体免遭热污染的目的。在国内外温排水余热利用途径调研的基础上,运用生态工程理论和生态设计的理念,进行温排水余热综合利用方案设计的初步研究。     

满足新标准采用电除尘新技术改造的应用与分析

提出了现有电除尘器可采用余热利用节能、高频电源、双区结构、隔离振打等新技术进行提效节能改造的思路,分析了这些新技术的技术特性,并进行了实际案例剖析,对满足《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》（GB13223-2011）烟尘排放的要求,形成现有电除尘器的新型改造模式具有重要参考价值。     

Seasonal Changes in Soil Atmospheric Co2 Concentrations in Two Upland Catchments and Associated Changes in River Water Chemistry

Seasonal changes in river water chemistry and in soil atmospheric CO₂ concentrations at two depths and drainage water solute composition at two upland peaty podzol sites in north east Scotland were monitored over 12 months. the CO₂ concentrations were controlled by changes in soil temperature and moisture status. Highest CO₂ concentrations were observed in late summer 1988 when both soil temperatures and the moisture status of the soils were high. Then maximum CO₂ concentrations of 4% (v/v) were recorded for one of the sites. No significant correlations between seasonal changes in soil CO₂ concentrations and river water solute composition were observed. Nevertheless the field results and laboratory experiments indicated that in upland areas, where soils with acid surface horizons are common, soil CO₂ substantially influences river water chemistry at baseflow, increasing the pH and cation concentration of the soil water draining into the river. the results suggest that transfer of carbon as dissolved CO₂ in drainage water is a significant pathway for CO₂ transfer to the atmosphere.     

Carbon Stocks and Projections on Public Forestlands in the United States, 1952–2040

Approximately 37% of forestlands in the conterminous United States are publicly owned; they represent a substantial area of potential carbon sequestration in US forests and in forest products. However, large areas of public forestlands traditionally have been less intensively inventoried than privately owned forests. Thus, less information is available about their role as carbon sinks. We present estimates of carbon budgets on public forestlands of the 48 conterminous states, along with a discussion of the assumptions necessary to make such estimates. The forest carbon budget simulation model, FORCARB2, makes estimates for US forests primarily based on inventory data. We discuss methods to develop consistent carbon budget estimates from inventory data at varying levels of detail. Total carbon stored on public forestlands in the conterminous US increased from 16.3 Gt in 1953 to the present total of 19.5 Gt, while area increased from 87.1 million hactares to 92.1 million hactares. At the same time the proportion of carbon on public forestlands relative to all forests increased from 35% to 37%. Projections for the next 40 years depend on scenarios of management influences on growth and harvest.This article was written and prepared by US Government employees on official time, and it is therefore in the public domain and not subject to copyright.     

高压往复式压缩机活塞杆断裂分析

往复式压缩机活塞杆断裂极易造成机组的二次破坏和严重的泄漏、爆炸事故,是化工装置安全生产的重大隐患,本文通过对一起加氢裂化高压压缩机的活塞杆断裂的宏观及微观分析,表明活塞杆断裂失效的主要原因是疲劳断裂和热处理不当;氢腐蚀是促进疲劳裂纹形成和扩展的重要原因,加速了疲劳断裂过程;通过对材料进行光谱分析,表明材料中Si含量严重超标,这对活塞杆的疲劳断裂过程也有一定的影响.并从设计、制造、使用、维护多方面提出相应的改进预防措施.     

POTENTIAL,ACTUAL, AND EQUILIBRIUM EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN A WHEAT FIELD 1

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the relationship between both potential (E*) and nonpotential evapotranspiration and equilibrium evapotranspiration (EQ) in an irrigated wheat field in southcentral Alberta, Canada. The control exercised by surface wetness and root reservoir moisture content in determining the value of the Priestley-Taylor constant a is explored. Also investigated is the relationship between a and the vapor flux fraction ET/(R-G) where ET is the actual evapotranspiration, R the net radiation, and G the soil heat flux. It is shown that evapotranspiration occurred at the potential rate (E*) when the available soil moisture (ASM) within the root zone was ≥3 percent. a varied from 0.84 for a dry soil to 1.49 for a saturated soil. The mean a for E* was 1.24. Surface wetness sustained evapotranspiration at the potential rate when such wetting exceeded 2mm d^?1 following a period of prolonged drawdown of soil moisture, α and ET/(R-G) were positively correlated and this correlation strengthened with increasing soil moisture for constant values of the energy partitioning factor s+γ/s where s is the slope of the saturation humidity-temperature curve and γ is the psychrometric constant. ET=EQ when ETI(R-G) lay within the range of 0.59 to 0.82 corresponding to Bowen ratio (β) values of 0.22 and 0.69, respectively.     

WHAT PRICE,REJECT HEAT?1

ABSTRACT: Increasing energy costs encourage more efficient energy use, including the better use of reject heat from electrical generating stations. Whether it pays to use this heat depends on the price charged. There is to date no relevant market in Canada. This paper estimates lower and upper bounds on the price for reject heat as a first step in determining market feasibility. Price would then be resolved by negotiation. For the case study of Ontario greenhouses, the differential between lower and upper bounds is substantial. An assumed price resolution is consistent with profitable use of this reject heat by this greenhouse industry.     

Refrigeration waste heat utilization for drying applications: a review

ABSTRACT

Cold chain industry has a vast potential for waste heat recovery. It is a matter of importance for energy efficiency point of view, as global energy demand is increasing day by day. Ample amount of low-grade energy is either unutilized or underutilized. The heat rejected by a Heat pump or refrigeration system emerged as a promising solution for dehydration by utilizing low-grade waste heat despite higher investment. As compared to solar drying technology, heat pump drying evolved as a reliable method regarding better process control, energy efficiency, and quality of the product to be dried. Energy utilized through the refrigeration system’s waste/exhaust heat recovery in combination with or without renewable energy source enhances the overall efficiency of the system and also reduces the cost. This useful review investigated and compared the research findings of waste heat utilization through heat pump and from condenser of refrigeration system on laboratory, pilot as well as industrial scale for drying of various fruits, vegetables, and agro products. Various drying parameters like drying rate, moisture content, Specific Moisture Extraction Rate (SMER), Coefficient of Performance (COP), Exergy efficiency, and temperature as well as humidity conditions inside the drying chamber were also reviewed to promote the technological advancement of energy utilization by commercial cold storage waste heat recovery.     

STATUS REPORT ON HEAT STORAGE WELLS1

ABSTRACT. The Heat Storage Well concept evolved at TEMPO in 1972. Technical, economic, institutional, and legal aspects of implementing the concept are being studied. Heat Storage Wells offer the possibility of conserving a substantial part of the heat energy now wasted in generating electricity and of reducing thermal pollution caused by the waste heat. Large thermal electric power plants would produce heat at useful temperatures such as 300–400°F. Combined electric- and heat-generating systems will require low-cost, low-loss storage of large amounts of hot water for periods of 90 to 180 days to serve both electric loads and seasonally-varying heat loads. Compared to conventional electricity-only systems, combined electricity-heat systems can save more than 20 percent in energy, reduce the cost of both electricity and heat, and eliminate the need for cooling water or towers. Possibilities for changes in legal and institutional practices are suggested, such as making resource-allocation decisions on the basis of energy units rather than dollars.