准好氧填埋场作业台阶温室气体CO_2的释放通量研究

采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了河北省某准好氧填埋场作业台阶表面的温室气体CO2释放通量,分析了填埋时期和导气管距离对CO2释放通量的影响。结果表明:导气管附近区域表面的CO2释放量较大,且不同区域的CO2释放通量存在明显差异(最大值和最小值分别278.6和12.5 g/(m2.d);同一区域上午、中午和下午的CO2释放通量差异相对较小,但中午和下午高于上午。同时,填埋4、8、12和16个月区域的CO2平均释放通量分别为56.9,70.0,110.2和47.0 g/(m2.d),即CO2的释放通量随着填埋龄的增加呈现先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,并在填埋12个月达到CO2释放通量的最大值。此外,各填埋区作业台阶表面CO2释放通量随着距离导气管距离的增加呈指数函数递减的趋势。     

印刷车间空气处理方案的节能分析

基于印刷车间工艺特点对温湿度等环境参数的要求,结合空气处理过程焓湿图分析了实现印刷车间温湿度控制的几种空气处理方案在节能方面的优势,并指出了其适用场合的局限性。结合热回收方案对适合印刷车间的空调节能技术进行了论述,旨在优化车间内部生产环境,为实现节能减排以及绿色生产提供理论依据。     

Fire Tests on E-vehicle Battery Cells and Packs

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of abuse conditions, including realistic crash scenarios, on Li ion battery systems in E-vehicles in order to develop safe practices and priorities when responding to accidents involving E-vehicles.

Method: External fire tests using a single burning item equipment were performed on commercial Li ion battery cells and battery packs for electric vehicle (E-vehicle) application. The 2 most common battery cell technologies were tested: Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and mixed transition metal oxide (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, NMC) cathodes against graphite anodes, respectively. The cell types investigated were “pouch” cells, with similar physical dimensions, but the NMC cells have double the electric capacity of the LFP cells due to the higher energy density of the NMC chemistry, 7 and 14 Ah, respectively.

Heat release rate (HRR) data and concentrations of toxic gases were acquired by oxygen consumption calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively.

Results: The test results indicate that the state of charge (SOC) affects the HRR as well as the amount of toxic hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas formed during combustion. A larger number of cells increases the amount of HF formed per cell. There are significant differences in response to the fire exposure between the NMC and LFP cells in this study. The LFP cells generate a lot more HF per cell, but the overall reactivity of the NMC cells is higher. However, the total energy released by both batteries during combustion was independent of SOC, which indicates that the electric energy content of the test object contributes to the activation energy of the thermal and heat release process, whereas the chemical energy stored in the materials is the main source of thermal energy in the batteries.

Conclusions: The results imply that it is difficult to draw conclusions about higher order system behavior with respect to HF emissions based on data from tests on single cells or small assemblies of cells. This applies to energy release rates as well. The present data show that mass and shielding effects between cells in multicell assemblies affect the propagation of a thermal event.     

磷石膏基保温砂浆的制备与性能研究

为了实现磷石膏的高附加值资源化利用,研究了CaO掺量、细度与砂浆性能之间的关系,利用预处理后的磷石膏,对磷石膏基保温砂浆进行配合比设计,分析胶凝材料组成、轻质骨料掺量、外加剂种类等因素对磷石膏基保温砂浆性能的影响规律,制备磷石膏基保温砂浆,并测试其性能.结果表明:通过在磷石膏中加入CaO及粉磨处理,可以提升磷石膏砂浆的强度,减少礴石膏中可溶性磷、氟对磷石膏砂浆的不良影响;磷石膏基保温砂浆的强度主要来源于磷石膏的硬化和水泥的水化;制备的磷石膏基保温砂浆的抗折强度达到2.1 MPa,抗压强度达到6.5 MPa,导热系数达到0.073 W/(m· K),满足保温砂浆的使用要求.     

贵州红枫湖底泥磷释放的模拟实验研究

在实验室条件下,模拟了温度、溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen,DO)、pH、扰动、微生物等环境因子对红枫湖底泥磷释放的影响。实验结果表明:(1)底泥磷的释放量随温度的升高而增大,5℃时底泥磷的释放通量为0.59mg·m-2·d-1;25℃和35℃时底泥磷的释放通量分别为1.25和3.68mg·m-2·d-1。(2)厌氧(DO2.0mg/L)条件下,底泥磷释放显著,释放通量在1.15~4.57mg·m-2·d-1之间;好氧(DO6.0mg/L)条件下,底泥磷的释放通量仅为0.82mg·m-2·d-1。(3)底泥磷的释放与上覆水pH值密切相关,且释放量随上覆水pH值的升高而增大,当pH=5.5和pH=7.5时,底泥磷的释放通量分别为1.15和1.25mg·m-2·d-1;当pH=9.5时,底泥磷的释放通量为4.57mg·m-2·d-1。(4)扰动条件下的底泥磷释放通量(2.62mg·m-2·d-1)明显大于静置条件下的底泥磷释放通量(1.25mg·m-2·d-1)。(5)微生物对底泥磷释放有明显影响,灭菌条件下的底泥磷释放量明显大于有微生物条件下的底泥磷释放量。综上所述,高温、厌氧、高pH值、强烈扰动均可促进红枫湖底泥磷的释放,微生物对底泥磷释放有明显抑制作用。基于红枫湖底泥磷释放模拟实验结果,计算了不同环境条件下红枫湖底泥磷的释放通量,在此基础上估算出红枫湖夏季热分层期间(6~9月)底泥磷释放量约为8.58t,占红枫湖水体总磷负荷(约28t)的30.6%,表明红枫湖底泥内源磷释放对水体磷负荷和富营养化有重要贡献,亟待开展底泥内源污染治理。     

地源热泵系统综合效益分析

引入净年值分析方法,在分析影响地源热泵系统效益评价因素的基础上,建立了综合效益评价模型。以天津某工程为例,对地源热泵系统与分散式制冷机房+市政热网系统进行综合比较,结果表明:地源热泵系统净年值增加额ΔNAV为162.8万元,该项目年运行费用减少51.3万元,年节约标准煤481.4 t,经济及环境效益显著。并对地源热泵系统的财务内部收益率进行了敏感性分析,为企业优化投资决策,规避风险提供参考。     

Steel slag carbonation in a flow-through reactor system: The role of fluid-flux

Steel production is currently the largest industrial source of atmospheric CO₂. As annual steel production continues to grow, the need for effective methods of reducing its carbon footprint increases correspondingly. The carbonation of the calcium-bearing phases in steel slag generated during basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steel production, in particular its major constituent, larnite {Ca₂SiO₄}, which is a structural analogue of olivine {(MgFe)₂SiO₄}, the main mineral subjected to natural carbonation in peridotites, offers the potential to offset some of these emissions. However, the controls on the nature and efficiency of steel slag carbonation are yet to be completely understood. Experiments were conducted exposing steel slag grains to a CO₂-H₂O mixture in both batch and flow-through reactors to investigate the impact of temperature, fluid flux, and reaction gradient on the dissolution and carbonation of steel slag. The results of these experiments show that dissolution and carbonation of BOF steel slag are more efficient in a flow-through reactor than in the batch reactors used in most previous studies. Moreover, they show that fluid flux needs to be optimized in addition to grain size, pressure, and temperature, in order to maximize the efficiency of carbonation. Based on these results, a two-stage reactor consisting of a high and a low fluid-flux chamber is proposed for CO₂ sequestration by steel slag carbonation, allowing dissolution of the slag and precipitation of calcium carbonate to occur within a single flow-through system.     

Adsorption of benzene,cyclohexane and hexane on ordered mesoporous carbon

Ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) with high specific surface area and large pore volume was synthesized and tested for use as an adsorbent for volatile organic compound (VOC) disposal. Benzene, cyclohexane and hexane were selected as typical adsorbates due to their different molecular sizes and extensive utilization in industrial processes. In spite of their structural differences, high adsorption amounts were achieved for all three adsorbates, as the pore size of OMC is large enough for the access of these VOCs. In addition, the unusual bimodal-like pore size distribution gives the adsorbates a higher diffusion rate compared with conventional adsorbents such as activated carbon and carbon molecular sieve. Kinetic analysis suggests that the adsorption barriers mainly originated from the difficulty of VOC vapor molecules entering the pore channels of adsorbents. Therefore, its superior adsorption ability toward VOCs, together with a high diffusion rate, makes the ordered mesoporous carbon a promising potential adsorbent for VOC disposal.     

外置双U型静钻根植工法能源桩换热性能研究∗

为探究外置双U型静钻根植工法能源桩换热性能,通过现场热响应试验,利用热源理论初步分析其岩土综合导热系数,建立三维传热数值模型并进行验证。利用三维传热数值模型分析换热管间距及其导热系数、换热液流速和桩周水泥土导热系数等因素对该新型桩换热性能的影响。分析结果表明,试桩区域岩土综合导热系数为1.64W(m·K)-1。提高换热管间距、换热管导热系数、换热液流速和桩周水泥土导热系数均能提高能源桩的换热性能,但当换热管间距大于0.25 m,换热液流速达到紊流态,换热管和桩周水泥土导热系数高于岩土综合导热系数后,提高上述参数对能源桩换热性能的提高贡献不大。     

东江下游入河排污水卤系阻燃剂质量浓度及排放通量

采用二氯甲烷萃取、氧化铝/硅胶复合柱纯化和气相色谱质谱联用仪检测的方法,分析了东江三角洲入河排污口14个污水样品中卤系阻燃剂的浓度并估算其相应的排放通量.结果表明,十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）已成为污水中的主要卤系阻燃剂,占总卤系阻燃剂的64%,其浓度范围为9.1～990 ng/L,其次为多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）,占总卤...