羧基化多壁碳纳米管对雌性小鼠卵泡发育的影响

碳纳米管(carbon nanotubes, CNTs)作为一种新形式的结晶碳,在工业及医药领域具有非常广阔的应用前景。本研究采用水溶性较好的羧基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-COOH)为研究对象,探索功能化多壁碳纳米管对小鼠卵巢发育的影响。将羧基化多壁碳纳米管溶解在含0.5% Tween-20的磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)中,对实验小鼠按照2.5, 5, 10 mg·kg-1进行持续64 d的灌胃处理。处理结束后通过透射电子显微镜和HE染色观察卵巢组织的形态学变化。结果显示,碳纳米管确实进入了小鼠卵巢中。同时,随着MWCNTs-COOH暴露的增加,雌性小鼠卵泡数量显著减少,而雌性小鼠卵泡的形态结构并无明显影响。     

3D geometric structures and biological activity: Application to microbial soil organic matter decomposition in pore space

During the past 10 years, soil scientists have started to use 3D Computed Tomography in order to gain a clearer understanding of the geometry of soil structure and its relationships with soil properties. We propose a geometric model for the 3D representation of pore space and a practical method for its computation. Our basic idea consists in representing pore space using a minimal set of maximal balls (Delaunay spheres) recovering the shape skeleton. In this representation, each ball could be considered as a maximal local cavity corresponding to the “intuitive” notion of a pore as described in the literature. The space segmentation induced by the network of balls (pores) was then used to spatialize biological dynamics. Organic matter and microbial decomposers were distributed within the balls (pores). A valuated graph representing the pore network, organic matter and distribution of micro-organisms was then defined. Microbial soil organic matter decomposition was simulated by updating this valuated graph. The method was implemented and tested using real CT images. The model produced realistic simulated results when compared with data in the literature in terms of the water retention curve and carbon mineralization. A decrease in water pressure decreased carbon mineralization, which is also in accordance with findings in the literature. From our results we showed that the influence of water pressure on decomposition is a function of organic matter distribution in the pore space. As far as we know, this is the approach to have linked pore space geometry and biological dynamics in a formal way. Our next goal will be to compare the model with experimental data of decomposition using different soil structures, and to define geometric typologies of pore space shape that can be attached to specific biological and dynamic properties.     

基于遥感技术的松辽平原盐渍化动态研究

运用.RS、GIS手段,以航天遥感MSS/TM/ETM为主要信息源,运用参数构造法、空间叠加分析法和网格等值线追踪法.对松辽平原盐渍化进行多时相遥感动态监测.研究结果表明.近30年来松辽平原盐渍化面积持续增加.强度持续增强.盐渍化面积变化总动态度为-1.03%,其中,1975-1989年为-1.67%,1989-2003年为-0.31%.盐渍化强度中心位于大安与乾安之间,1975-1989年,强度中心向北东方向移动22.81 km;1989-2003年,强度中心向西南方向移动16.50 km.松辽平原盐渍化是自然因素和不合理人类活动共同作用造成的.     

Landscape and Agricultural Patterns in Rural Areas: a Case Study in the Brionne Basin, Normandy, France

Landscape changes over a period of 25 years were assessed for a catchment basin in Normandy, France. Landscape attributes, i.e. land use, land cover and natural habitat, were obtained from aerial photographs (1964, 1989) and soil maps, to define a landscape typology. Data were aggregated on a 500 m×500 m grid system and treated by multivariate analysis. Results of these analysis show that this rural landscape has undergone changes in landcover (mainly grassland receding to crop) as well as changes in spatial structure (mainly increase of plot size and uniformisation). These changes were related to a typology of farms (realised by multivariate analysis of a field survey on the 38 registered farms of the site). Results suggest that (i) farms with a narrow range of production, i.e. specialised farms, are located on a narrow range of environmental conditions and are associated with stable landscapes, while (ii) farms with a broader range of production (i.e. polyculture) are distributed more widely throughout the landscape, and are mostly associated with the landscape changes.     

Farmers' involvement in landscape activities: an analysis of the relationship between farm location, farm characteristics and landscape changes in two study areas in Jutland, Denmark

Farmers are important agents in rural landscape management as they modify landscape elements to suit their needs. The purpose of this study is to investigate if patterns of landscape activities undertaken by farmers are related to certain farm characteristics and if landscape activities vary from one location to another. With this purpose, we investigated the differences between the level of farmers' involvement in landscape activities in two study areas in central Jutland, Denmark. Particular attention was given to the analysis of the type and extent of landscape activities and their relationship with farm characteristics. In both study areas, landscape activities leading to a more extensive type of land use predominate. However, a multivariate analysis implemented on the set of landscape activity data reveals significant differences between the two study areas. Hedgerow planting and removal is more common in S?nder Omme, while pond digging and cultivation of permanent grass lands are characteristic activities in Gadbjerg-Givskud. Moreover, the proportion of farmers involved and the area affected by different landscape activities is larger in S?nder Omme than in Gadbjerg-Givskud. The farms of the two areas are different in terms of production type, size and socio-economic characteristics. These characteristics represent significant relationships with landscape activities. However, they are not sufficient to explain the differences between landscape activities undertaken in the two areas. The differences are caused by unique cultural and biophysical environment, which influence and modify the relationship between farm characteristics and landscape activities in a distinct manner for each study area.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in different forest humus types

The behavior of 20 PAH in the organic layers of a L mull, an Of mull and a mor was assessed by a combined approach of a soil profile study, and the analysis of particle-size separates. Increasing PAH concentrations with depth in the mor profile (L, 866 μg kg⁻³; Of, 2902 μg kg⁻¹; Oh, 10489 ug kg⁻¹) were assigned to selective enrichment during organic matter decomposition. PAH were further highly enriched within the finer separates. For the L horizons, significant positive correlations were established between the enrichment of individual PAH (as observed from the decomposition gradient between the >2-mm fraction and the < 0.05-mm fraction), and the K_OW for each compound. The slope of the regression line, m, described the degree of differentiation between low- and high-molecular PAH during litter decomposition. Since m was greatest in the most biologically active humus type (L mull, 0.33) and smallest in the most inactive (mor, 0.20), microbial breakdown was assumed as the dominating process for this differentiation. The results also indicated that decomposition processes had already taken place in the L horizons, leading to morphological and chemical changes of organic matter, and to an enrichment of high molecular PAH.     

亚热带小区域水平上土壤质量时空变化的定量化评价

亚热带小区域水平上土壤质量时空变化的定量化评价王效举，龚子同（中国科学院南京土壤研究所，南京２１０００８）ＱｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅＥｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｏｉｌＱｕａｌｉｔｙＣｈａｎｇｅｓｉｎＴｉｍｅａｎｄＳｐａｃｅａｔａＳｍａｌｌＡｒｅａＬｅｖｅ...     

土地利用变化的数学模型解析

归纳了目前在研究土地利用变化中广泛采用的一些数学模型，解析了每种模型的涵义和意义。按照模型反映的内容不同，将其分为三大类：土地资源数量变化模型、土地资源质量变化模型和土地资源空间变化模型，总结了每类模型的特点和不足之处。     

防火树种阻火特性的实验研究

以木荷作为防火树种 ,首先利用热重装置分别研究了其树干和枝叶的热解失重过程 ,从得到的热重曲线TG、DTG中发现 ,伴随着温度的升高 ,试样发生了三次失重高峰 ,并且 5 0 0℃时的残留物不及其初始重量的 10 %。然后在燃料床上以松针为燃料 ,分别模拟了 2 0°和 30°等小坡度情况下地表火的蔓延过程 ,通过分析热电偶记录下来的温度场分布 ,研究了火蔓延过程中防火树种在火焰和坡度作用下的阻火特性和阻火机理 ,结合其热解特性的研究 ,论证了水分析出是防火树种发挥阻火性能的关键因素 ,得到一些对生物防火技术研究有用的结论 ,为更好的利用和发展生物防火技术来预防和控制大规模森林火灾提供了理论基础。     

无锡市工业废水污染变迁及其解释

运用EKC分析和分解分析方法,拟合了1991年~2005年无锡工业废水污染随经济发展的演变轨迹,并实证解释了轨迹背后的经济原因。EKC分析结果表明,无锡市工业废水排放量的演变轨迹呈U型,但是市区、江阴和宜兴拥有不同的转折点（7 401元,10 059元,4 718元）。分解分析结果表明,工业废水污染排放强度减轻是形成U型轨迹左半部分的主要原因,而经济规模的大幅度扩张则是形成U型轨迹右半部分的主要原因。