Cytotoxicity assessment of four pharmaceutical compounds on the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) haemocytes, gill and digestive gland primary cell cultures

Pharmaceutical compounds are considered the new environmental pollutants but at present few studies have evaluated their ecotoxicity on aquatic invertebrates. This study was aimed to investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity of four common drugs, namely atenolol (ATL), carbamazepine (CBZ), diclofenac (DCF) and gemfibrozil (GEM), on three different cell typologies from the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha): haemocytes, gill and digestive gland cells. Results obtained by the Trypan blue exclusion test revealed that exposure to increasing concentrations (0.001; 0.01; 0.1; 1 and 10 mg L⁻¹) of CBZ, DCF and GEM were able to significantly decrease the viability of each cell type, while the MTT (3(4,5-dimethyl-2thiazholyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) reduction assay highlighted only a slight reduction of mitochondrial activity of gill and digestive gland cells. Overall, DCF was the most cytotoxic drug for zebra mussel cells, followed by GEM, CBZ, while ATL has not a noteworthy toxic potential. Our preliminary results lay the groundwork for further in vitro evaluations, which will allow a better definition of the potential toxicity of these drugs.     

微核技术在垃圾场周围水环境污染状况监测中的应用

利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术对成都市长安垃圾场周围水环境进行生态监测,用蚕豆根尖细胞测定各采样点水样的微核率(MCN)及污染指数(IP),并进行F检验.结果显示,各样点的微核率有显著性差异.在9个采样点中有6个的污染指数在2以上,其中属重度污染区有2个,中度污染区有4个,和对照组相比差异非常显著(p＜0.01).表明垃圾场周围水环境受到了不同程度的污染.     

Fluoride induces DNA damage and cytotoxicity in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Humans are primarily exposed to fluoride (Fl), a widespread environmental pollutant, via contaminated drinking water and foodstuffs. The aim of this study was to examine whether sodium fluoride (NaF) exerted cytotoxic effects in human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells. HepG2 cells were incubated with different concentrations of NaF and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, cell cycle, apoptosis, and DNA damage determined. Concentration-dependent studies showed that exposure to HepG2 cells with different concentrations of NaF for 24 hr significantly decreased cell viability and intracellular antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, NaF exposure increased lipid peroxidation levels and accumulation of intracellular ROS; and lowered antioxidant glutathione concentrations. In addition to oxidative impairments, NaF treatment enhanced HepG2 cell death via apoptotic pathway as evidenced by DNA fragmentation and cell cycle arrest. Sodium fluoride treatment unregulated p53 level, and Bax and Bcl2 expression. Diminished cell viability and changes in cell cycle accompanied a rise in p53 expression.     

甲基异噻唑啉酮对斑马鱼胚胎的急性毒性和机制研究

甲基异噻唑啉酮(methylisothiazolinone,MIT)作为防腐剂,广泛用于个人护理品、日用品和涂料中。MIT随着污水进入地表水循环,普遍存在于水体中,但目前关于MIT对水生生物毒性的研究还比较少。本文以模式生物斑马鱼的胚胎作为受试对象,评价MIT对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性。将受精后3 h的健康斑马鱼胚胎暴露于梯度浓度的MIT下,观察其对胚胎生长发育的影响,用吖啶橙(AO)染色检测细胞凋亡情况。结果发现,48 h暴露浓度大于1.0 mg·L-1的胚胎孵化被显著抑制,72 h浓度大于1.52 mg·L-1的幼鱼心率显著降低,统计96 h幼鱼死亡和畸形数,并重复验证和计算得到96 h半致死浓度(96 h 50%lethal concentration,96 h-LC50)为6.15 mg·L-1,96 h半致畸浓度(96 h 50%teratogenesis concentration,96 h-TC50)为3.89 mg·L-1,测量96 h胚胎体长,分析最小生长抑制浓度(minimum concentration to inhibit growth,MCIG)为2.31 mg·L-1,AO染色显示72 h胚胎的凋亡细胞主要集中在脑部和尾部。不同时期下镜检观察到,胚胎出现的畸形主要包括尾部发育不良,脊柱弯曲,卵黄囊水肿和心包水肿。此外,高浓度处理组24 h胚胎自主抽动次数增加,72 h和96 h活动能力减弱,触碰反应迟钝。因此,推断MIT对斑马鱼胚胎的发育有较大影响,同时有一定的神经毒性。根据《危险化学品鱼类急性毒性分级试验方法》,判定MIT对斑马鱼胚胎为高毒,该毒性实验结果可为MIT在工业生产和环境中的风险管理提供依据。     

Evaluation of potential genotoxic/cytotoxic effects induced by epoxiconazole and fenpropimorph-based fungicide in bovine lymphocytes in vitro

Potential genotoxic/cytotoxic effects of the epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph-based fungicide were investigated using single cell gel electrophoresis and cytogenetic assays: chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges, micronuclei and fluorescence in situ hybridization in cultured bovine lymphocytes. No statistically significant elevations of DNA damage and increases in cytogenetic endpoints were seen. However, evident cytotoxic effect presented as a decrease in mitotic and proliferation indices were recorded after exposure of bovine lymphocytes to the fungicide for 24 and 48 h at concentrations ranging from 3 to 15 µg mL^?1 (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001). Similarly, for 24 h an inhibition in the cytokinesis block proliferation index (CBPI) was obtained after exposure to the fungicide at concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 15 µg mL^?1 (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) in each donor.     

Alterations of protein profile in zebrafish liver cells exposed to methyl parathion: a membrane proteomics approach

Methyl parathion (MP) is an extensively used organophosphorus pesticide, which has been associated with a wide spectrum of toxic effects on environmental organisms. The aim of this study is to investigate the alterations of membrane protein profiles in zebrafish liver (ZFL) cell line exposed to MP for 24 h using proteomic approaches. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed a total of 13 protein spots, whose expression levels were significantly altered by MP. These differential proteins were subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis, and nine proteins were identified to be membrane proteins, among which seven were up-regulated, while two were down-regulated. In addition, the mRNA levels corresponding to these differential membrane proteins were further analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. And the differential expression of arginase-2 was specially validated via Western blotting. Regarding the physiological functions, these proteins are involved in molecular chaperon, cytoskeleton system, cell metabolism, signal transduction, transport and hormone receptor respectively, suggesting the complexity of MP-mediated toxicity to ZFL cell. These data could provide useful insights for better understanding the hepatotoxic mechanisms of MP and develop novel protein biomarkers for effectively monitoring MP contamination level in aquatic environment.     

隔膜电解槽阴极区降解有机物的研究及其应用

采用隔膜电解法,分别研究了罗丹明B和硝基苯在不锈钢阴极表面的电解过程。结果表明,有溶解氧时,初始浓度分别为50 mg/L和120 mg/L的罗丹明B和硝基苯,电压20 V,电解2 h,阴极区电解液CODCr去除率分别为21%和36%。阴极区产生的H与O2发生反应生成HO2和OH等自由基,从而进一步引起有机物的降解。基于阴极区降解实验和降解机理进行的小试设计,在印染废水的处理中,取得了较好的降解效果。     

Synthesis of calcium phosphate hydrogel from waste incineration fly ash and its application to fuel cell

Waste incineration fly ash was successfully recycled to calcium phosphate hydrogel, a type of fast proton conductor. The crystallized hydrogel from incineration fly ash had a lower electric conductivity and a lower crystallinity than that from calcium carbonate reagent. However, the difference in electric conductivity between these crystallized hydrogels decreases with temperature. This was due to the presence of potassium in the incineration fly ash. The fuel cell with a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) using the calcium phosphate hydrogel membrane prepared from incineration fly ash was observed to generate electricity. The performance of this fuel cell was almost equal to that of a mixture of K₂CO₃ and CaCO₃ reagents; further, the performance of the former was superior to the fuel cell with a perfluorosulfonic polymer membrane at temperatures greater than approximately 85 °C.     

g-C3N4/Cu2O/CF电极制备及在微生物燃料电池中的应用

为了提高微生物燃料电池的产电性能,采用电沉积法将石墨态氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)与氧化亚铜(Cu_2O)负载到碳毡(Carbon felt,CF)表面,制得g-C_3N_4/Cu_2O/CF光电极用于构建微生物燃料电池.通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、光生电流曲线(I-T)、线性扫描伏安曲线(LSV)对光电阴极进行光电性能测试,并在白光发光二极管(LED)辐照下研究了以Cu_2O/CF、g-C_3N_4/Cu_2O/CF为阴极光催化微生物燃料电池的产电性能.结果表明,g-C_3N_4/Cu_2O/CF电极中g-C_3N_4分布在Cu_2O之间;g-C_3N_4/Cu_2O/CF光电极能提高光利用率,与Cu_2O/CF光电极相比,光电流密度达到2700 mA·m~(-2),增长幅度达到125%;与Cu_2O/CF阴极微生物燃料电池相比,g-C_3N_4/Cu_2O/CF阴极微生物燃料电池具有更优的产电能力,在白光LED辐照下最大功率密度和光电流密度达到110.7 mW·m~(-2)和1102 mA·m~(-2),增长幅度达到16%和27%.     

不锈钢毡电极MEC甲烷原位纯化及原理

为实现有机废弃物能源化利用,采用不锈钢毡电极微生物电解池(MEC)处理含乙酸的模拟废水,系统地研究了外加电压对乙酸去除、甲烷(CH4)生成、微生物种群和活性等方面的影响.结果表明,MEC(0.4 V)中乙酸去除速度最快,可以达到(167.30±0.71)mg·L~(-1)·h-1;MEC(1.0V)中CH4浓度、CH4产生速度和乙酸去除率达最大值,分别为96.98%±1.19%、(1.18±0.04)LMet·d-1·LR-1和100%±0.05%.另外,外加电压可提高阴极微生物代谢活性和嗜氢产甲烷菌的相对丰度.外加电压为1.0 V时,嗜氢产甲烷菌相对丰度达78.87%,其中Methanospirillum最为丰富,其含量占到全部微生物的68.38%.研究证明MEC可以实现乙酸的快速去除、甲烷高效制备和甲烷原位纯化.