莆田市气象灾害及减灾对策研究

根据近17年的莆田市气候影响评价资料,结合实地调查,对莆田市台风、暴雨、冰雹、干旱、寒潮等主要气象灾害的基本特点进行了分析。研究表明,近17年莆田市危害最大的气象灾害是台风灾害,其次为洪涝灾害,揭示了几种主要气象灾害之间的相互关系,并提出相应的减灾对策。     

HIV risk and prevention in emergency-affected populations: a review

While basic guidelines on HIV prevention in emergencies have been available for several years, international agencies involved in the provision of health services have not placed sufficient priority on the prevention of the human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in complex emergencies. This paper reviews the factors that may increase the risk of HIV transmission in populations affected by complex emergencies and outlines recommendations for research and programmes. Research into the most appropriate methods of carrying out HIV surveillance and interventions in these settings is needed. In the post-emergency phase programmes need to be far more extensive than those offered under the Minimal Initial Services Package (MISP). While the potential for stigmatization represents an important constraint, there is a need to prioritize HIV/STI interventions in order to prevent HIV transmission in emergency-affected populations themselves, as well as to contribute to regional control of the epidemic.     

建设我国节水高效农业的战略对策

21世纪我国水资源供需矛盾进一步加剧,农用水资源严重短缺,解决我国粮食安全问题,必须发展节水高效农业,本文阐述了未来我国农业可持续发展面临的节水任务,分析了影响节水发展的制约因素,提出了促进节水高效农业发展的战略措施和对策。     

我国海洋自然保护区面临的主要问题及管理策略

我国海洋自然保护区的建立,在保护海洋环境、物种资源,维护海洋生态平衡等方面起了重要作用;然而海洋自然保护区建设管理工作起步较晚、基础薄弱、保护区的管理正处于摸索阶段,还存在一些问题.文章提出了目前我国海洋自然保护区在管理体制、总体布局规划、经费投入、法律法规以及科研工作方面存在的主要问题,并根据这些问题提出相应解决的管理策略.     

城市红树林生态系统健康评价与管理对策——以粤港澳大湾区为例

为解明粤港澳大湾区城市红树林生态系统健康状况,基于PSR (压力-状态-响应)模型和层次分析法,构建了城市红树林生态系统健康评价指标体系,对大湾区的香港米埔、深圳福田、广州南沙和珠海淇澳岛4个典型城市红树林进行生态系统健康评价,识别健康问题并提出管理对策.结果表明:红树林生态系统健康指数(EHI)为淇澳岛(3.05,健康)>米埔(3.03,健康)>南沙(2.54,亚健康)>福田(2.13,亚健康).就压力指标而言,米埔和福田红树林的自然压力源为病虫害和生物入侵,人为压力源为人口、经济相关指标及城镇生活污水排放,福田还受到工业废水排放的压力.就状态指标而言,红树林受海水营养盐污染严重,南沙和淇澳岛红树林存在严重的有机污染和重金属污染;红树植物多样性(除南沙红树林外)和大型底栖动物生物多样性偏低,但鸟类生物多样性处于较高水平.就响应指标而言,福田和南沙红树林由于面积小而生态服务功能偏低,南沙红树林的管理水平不足.粤港澳大湾区城市红树林存在的主要健康问题包括生态失衡导致的病虫害与生物入侵、受纳外源污染导致的环境污染、栖息地破坏导致的生物多样性下降的共性问题及自身特征与管护水平差异导致的其它个性问题.针对上述健康问题,建议:以缓解生态失衡为目标高效监测并推广基于自然法则的生态恢复,以源头控制为根本整体改善环境质量,以保护生物多样性为重点提高红树林生态系统稳定性,因地制宜充分发挥城市红树林经济-社会-生态效益.     

低温SNAD颗粒污泥工艺启动方式

为研究启动方式对同步短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化(SNAD)颗粒污泥工艺的影响,低温(12.7~18.3℃)条件下,R1和R2反应器分别通过先启动全程自养脱氮(CANON)工艺和先启动厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化(SAD)工艺的方式逐步启动SNAD颗粒污泥工艺.结果表明,R1反应器启动成功后,氨氮几乎完全去除,总氮去除率达到86.7%.低氨氮浓度运行时,出水总氮去除率下降至75.3%,出水总氮浓度在10 mg·L~(-1)左右,NOB存在过量增殖现象,出水总氮浓度超过北京市水污染物排放标准一级A规定.R2反应器启动成功后,出水几乎不含氨氮,总氮去除率在89.1%左右,略高于R1反应器.低氨氮浓度运行时,出水氨氮浓度小于1.0 mg·L~(-1),出水总氮浓度小于6 mg·L~(-1),出水氨氮和总氮浓度满足地标一级A标准.先启动SAD工艺可以在启动初期通过厌氧运行将NOB逐渐淘汰出系统内,维持了系统的稳定性,为后续曝气启动SNAD工艺提供了良好的基础,维持了反应器的稳定运行,实现出水总氮长期排放达标.     

衡水市大气污染成因研究及治理经验

衡水市作为"2+26"城市中典型的低GDP、高污染城市,其空气质量排名常年处于74个重点城市的后10位.自大气重污染成因与治理攻关项目工作开展以来,衡水市开展了大量污染成因研究及污染治理工作,已取得了较为明显的大气污染治理成效.从空气质量变化、排放源、污染物来源解析及气象条件与排放贡献等方面,梳理了衡水市大气污染成因研究及治理经验.结果表明:①衡水市的空气质量得到较大改善,PM₁₀和PM_2.5治理成效明显.2018年衡水市ρ（PM₁₀）和ρ（PM_2.5）年均值比2017年分别下降了25.12%和19.73%,比2013年分别下降了54.84%和51.22%,但O₃污染形势逐渐严峻,以O₃为首要污染物的天数由55 d（2013年）增至125 d（2018年）.②相比于2016年,衡水市2017年SO₂、NO_x、CO、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、BC、OC、VOC的排放总量均大幅下降.③2013-2018年导致衡水市PM_2.5下降的因素中,气象因素占8.0%,排放源因素占92.0%,说明衡水市通过减排措施改善空气质量的效果较为显著.④硝酸盐已经取代硫酸盐成为秋冬季颗粒物二次转化中最重要、占比最高的成分.研究显示,衡水市高ρ（PM_2.5）主要以本地排放和临近地区输送为主,为有效控制衡水市PM_2.5污染的发生与发展,应采取本地排放控制与"2+26"城市联防联控相结合的方案.      

秦皇岛市新能源利用发展对策研究

秦皇岛市在新能源的开发利用方面做了大量工作,但是在政策、产业和技术等方面仍需要进一步加强建设:调整新能源发展思路,制定新能源发展规划,围绕电价、税收等制定政策,并建立新能源基金,加强新能源利用技术产品的开发;做大做强新能源龙头企业,建设新能源示范工程和生态工业园区,开展技术创新,实施人才引进与培养工程,进行国际化运作。     

Dissecting the drivers of population cycles: Interactions between parasites and mountain hare demography

There is a growing awareness that cyclic population dynamics in vertebrate species are driven by a complex set of interactions rather than a single causal factor. While theory suggests that direct host-parasite interactions may destabilise population dynamics, the interaction between host and parasite may also influence population dynamics through indirect effects that result in delayed responses to either density or to life-history traits. Using empirical data on mountain hares (Lepus timidus) infected with a nematode parasite (Trichostrongylus retortaeformis), we developed an individual-based model (IBM) that incorporated direct effects and delayed life-history effects (DLHEs) of a macroparasite, alternative transmission mechanisms and seasonality in host population dynamics. The full model describes mean characteristics of observed mountain hare time series and parasite abundance, but by systematically removing model structure we dissect out dynamic influences of DLHEs. The DLHEs were weakly destabilising, increasing the propensity for cyclic dynamics and suggesting DLHEs could be important processes in host-parasite systems. Further, by modifying model structure we identify a strong influence of parasite transmission mechanism on host population stability, and discuss the implications for parasite aggregation mechanisms, host movement and natural geographical variation in host population dynamics. The effect of T. retortaeformis on mountain hares likely forms part of a complex set of interactions that lead to population cycles.     

Community strategies to improve flood risk communication in the Red River Basin, Manitoba, Canada

More than a decade after the 1997 Red River Flood, vulnerability to future flooding exists due to a lack of risk communication. This study identifies risk communication gaps and discusses the creation of strategies to enhance information-sharing, bottom-up activity and partnership development. The objectives were achieved using mixed methods, including interviews, a floodplain-wide survey, and a decision-makers' risk management workshop. The results highlight a number of external pressures exerted by regional floodplain policies and procedures that restrict risk communication and affect social vulnerability in the rural floodplain. The failures of a top-down approach to floodplain management have impacted on communities' abilities to address floodplain risks, have amplified local risks, and have decreased community cooperation in floodplain management initiatives since the 1997 'Flood of the Century'. Recommended policies promote the establishment of community standards to compensate for gaps in risk communication and the development of partnerships between floodplain communities.