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81.
The relevant velocity that describes transport phenomena in a porous medium is the pore velocity. For this reason, one needs not only to describe the variability of transmissivity, which fully determines the Darcy velocity field for given source terms and boundary conditions, but also any variability of the pore volume. We demonstrate that hydraulically equivalent media with exactly the same transmissivity field can produce dramatic differences in the displacement of a solute if they have different pore volume distributions. In particular, we demonstrate that correlation between pore volume and transmissivity leads to a much smoother and more homogeneous solute distribution. This was observed in a laboratory experiment performed in artificial fractures made of two plexiglass plates into which a space-dependent aperture distribution was milled. Using visualization by a light transmission technique, we observe that the solute behaviour is much smoother and more regular after the fractures are filled with glass powder, which plays the role of a homogeneous fault gouge material. This is due to a perfect correlation between pore volume and transmissivity that causes pore velocity to be not directly dependent on the transmissivity, but only indirectly through the hydraulic gradient, which is a much smoother function due to the diffusive behaviour of the flow equation acting as a filter. This smoothing property of the pore volume-transmissivity correlation is also supported by numerical simulations of tracer tests in a dipole flow field. Three different conceptual models are used: an empty fracture, a rough-walled fracture filled with a homogeneous material and a parallel-plate fracture with a heterogeneous fault gouge. All three models are hydraulically equivalent, yet they have a different pore volume distribution. Even if piezometric heads and specific flow rates are exactly the same at any point of the domain, the transport process differs dramatically. These differences make it important to discriminate in situ among different conceptual models in order to simulate correctly the transport phenomena. For this reason, we study the solute breakthrough and recovery curves at the extraction wells. Our numerical case studies show that discrimination on the basis of such data might be impossible except under very favourable conditions, i.e. the integral scale of the transmissivity field has to be known and small compared to the dipole size. If the latter conditions are satisfied, discrimination between the rough-walled fracture filled with a homogeneous material and the other two models becomes possible, whereas the parallel-plate fracture with a heterogeneous fault gouge and the empty fracture still show identifiability problems. The latter may be solved by inspection of aperture and pressure testing. 相似文献
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传统的宝石改色是以泰国的还原热处理工艺为代表,现已逐渐被人们所接受。现代科技与珠宝工艺相结合,出现辐照改变宝石颜色,然而,部分宝石因辐照而带有残余放射性,对消费者造成伤害.本文指出了宝玉石射线来源与防护措施。 相似文献
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建筑材料火灾烟气减光性能的试验研究 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
笔者以木材、纺织品和塑料(聚苯乙烯) 3类材料作为高层建筑常用的可燃性建筑材料,对其在燃烧状态下释放的烟气进行了减光性能试验,研究了3种建筑材料在燃烧状态下,释放烟气的光学密度、减光系数、能见度及其相互关系,并建立了简明的函数关系式。通过试验,其结果表明,3种建筑材料释放烟气的光学密度随时间呈线性增长,烟场内疏散标志的能见度与烟气的减光系数、燃烧建材的性质、室内其他照明装置的开闭、疏散标志自身的亮度有关 相似文献
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低强度超声波强化污水生物处理中超声辐照周期的优化选择 总被引:9,自引:3,他引:6
为了对低强度超声波强化污水生物处理的重要工艺参数———超声辐照周期进行优化,采用城市污水处理厂的好氧活性污泥为试验材料,以好氧呼吸速率(Oxygen Uptake Rate,OUR)和TTC-脱氢酶活性(2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazoliumchloride-dehydrogenase activity,TTC-DHA)为指标,研究了频率35kHz、强度0.3W/cm2的超声波辐照10min后0~48h污泥活性的变化规律,发现超声辐照处理后8h污泥活性达到最大值,24h后超声波的强化作用基本消失.随后分别以8h和24h为超声辐照周期,进行了反复超声辐照处理试验.结果表明,当采用超声辐照周期为8h时,第2次超声辐照后污泥的活性就开始明显下降,3次辐照后污泥的活性下降到对照的一半;当采用超声辐照周期24h时,每次超声辐照后污泥活性依然有所升高,但是随着超声辐照次数增加,其升高的幅度逐渐降低.考虑到设备投资及处理效果稳定性,应采用8h的超声处理周期,每次只处理反应器内一定比例的污泥以避免反复超声引起的污泥活性下降.根据上述现象分析了低强度超声波改善污泥活性的机理. 相似文献
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Giulia Castellani Gaëlle Veyssire Michael Karcher Julienne Stroeve S. Neil Banas A. Heather Bouman S. Andrew Brierley Stacey Connan Finlo Cottier Fabian Große Laura Hobbs Christian Katlein Bonnie Light David McKee Andrew Orkney Roland Proud Vibe Schourup-Kristensen 《Ambio》2022,51(2):307
The Arctic marine ecosystem is shaped by the seasonality of the solar cycle, spanning from 24-h light at the sea surface in summer to 24-h darkness in winter. The amount of light available for under-ice ecosystems is the result of different physical and biological processes that affect its path through atmosphere, snow, sea ice and water. In this article, we review the present state of knowledge of the abiotic (clouds, sea ice, snow, suspended matter) and biotic (sea ice algae and phytoplankton) controls on the underwater light field. We focus on how the available light affects the seasonal cycle of primary production (sympagic and pelagic) and discuss the sensitivity of ecosystems to changes in the light field based on model simulations. Lastly, we discuss predicted future changes in under-ice light as a consequence of climate change and their potential ecological implications, with the aim of providing a guide for future research. 相似文献
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