Cytotoxicity of gamma irradiated aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A

Toxicity of gamma irradiated mycotoxins aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and ochratoxin A (OTA) was investigated in vitro. AFB₁ and OTA stock solutions (50?mM, in methanol) were gamma irradiated (5 and 10 kGy) and non-irradiated and irradiated mycotoxins solutions were tested for cytotoxicity on Pk15, HepG2 and SH-SY5Y cell lines (MTT assay, 1–500?μM concentration range; 24?h exposure). Degradation of mycotoxin molecules was examined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). AFB₁ and OTA radiolytic products were less toxic than the parent mycotoxins to all of the tested cell lines. Gamma irradiation even at 5 kGy had effect on AFB₁ and OTA molecules however, this effect was dependent on chemical structure of mycotoxin. Since gamma irradiation at low dose reduced initial level of both mycotoxins, and gamma irradiated mycotoxins had lower toxicity in comparison to non-irradiated mycotoxins, it can be concluded that gamma irradiation could be used as decontamination method.     

火源位置对轻型门式刚架竖向位移的影响

为探究总火源功率相同时,两个火源相对位置变化对轻型门式刚架竖向位移的影响规律,采用经实验验证过的有限元方法对其进行瞬态非线性热-结构耦合数值模拟,研究了大功率火灾下单个火源、两个火源位置变化对门式刚架的温度分布以及竖向位移的影响。结果表明:保持火灾总功率30 MW不变时,在单一火源作用下火源位于跨中时刚架位移最大,在两火源作用下,15 MW-15 MW的火源组合最危险、刚架的破坏时间随火源相对距离的增大而增大,功率较大的火源位于临界位置比功率较小的火源位于临界位置有利。且功率较大的火源位于临界位置时,火源相对位置变化对刚架竖向位移的影响不显著,而功率较小的火源位于临界位置时, 影响显著。     

Enhancement of phosphorus sorption onto light expanded clay aggregates by means of aluminum and iron oxide coatings

Phosphorus (P) loading from non-point or point sources increases the eutrophication risk of natural waters. The functioning of constructed wetlands (CWs) used as natural water treatment systems can be improved by means of additional materials adsorbing soluble P. In this study, light expanded clay aggregates (LECA) and LECA coated with aluminum (Al) oxide (Al-LECA) or iron (Fe) oxide (Fe-LECA) were tested for their efficiency as P sorbents in the pH range 3–8. The oxide coatings duplicated the actual sorption capacity calculated from the sorption isotherms at the P concentration in the equilibrium solution of 20 μg L⁻¹, assumed to be the allowable P level in purified water. In the oxide-coated LECAs the sorption was fast and followed both the first- and second-order Lagergren kinetic models, suggesting that the formation of a binuclear surface complex was feasible. In LECA, sorption was markedly slower and followed the first-order kinetic model, indicating that retention occurred through a monodentate attachment. These findings were in harmony with the degree of P saturation (DPS) of the sorbent surfaces at the highest P addition level (200 μg L⁻¹), DPS being decisively higher for LECA than for the oxide-coated sorbents. Accordingly, at higher pH values the competition by hydroxyl ions diminished the sorption in LECA relatively more than that in the coated sorbents. In agreement with the acidity of Al³⁺ being 100 times lower than that of Fe³⁺, at elevated pH the sorption by Al-LECA proved to be less reversible than that by Fe-LECA. The results provide evidence that in CWs Al-coated sorbents are superior to Fe-coated ones that are also redox-sensitive and may lose their sorption properties in anoxic conditions.     

The role and distribution of total suspended solids in the macrotidal coastal waters of Korea

Spatial and temporal distribution patterns of total suspended solids (TSS) in the shallow and macrotidal regions of the Korean peninsula indicated there were significant changes in TSS concentrations. These were seasonally influenced by the wind, river input and tidal cycle. There were high TSS values at estuarine and river mouth stations and during low tide due to the re-suspension of bottom sediment by strong wind action during winter months, in addition the land input through rivers and strong tidal current during ebbing. Monthly mean values of TSS significantly correlated with wind speed and nitrate concentration (p < 0.01). This indicated that the resuspension of surface sediment was a more important source of TSS than the river input, and that nitrate was introduced into the water column during the resuspension process. TSS were seven times higher at low tide than in high tide. Light penetration was significantly inhibited by TSS; as >98% of incident light was absorbed within 2 m and zero photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) under 2 m in the estuarine stations during winter. Removal of heavy metals and nutrients by TSS in the water column was evident. Over 80% of the initial concentration of nutrients was removed within 10 min under various concentrations of TSS and also TSS contained significantly higher concentration of heavy metals than surface sediment. The concentration levels of nutrients and chemical oxygen demand in the west coast were comparable with the East and South Sea, even the major rivers in the Korean peninsula flow into the West Sea with major pollutant loadings into the coastal areas. High concentration of TSS is likely to contribute to the removal process of these pollutants, resulting in relatively lower levels of nutrients and organic materials in these coastal waters.     

某铀矿山废石场及尾砂库氡污染调查

通过对某退役铀矿山的 14个废石堆放场及 3个尾砂库氡析出率的测量及内照射剂量的估算 ,表明 ,只有一个废石场的氡析出率超过国家规定的管理限值水平 ;尾砂库的氡析出率较高 ,个别测点的氡析出率超出管理限值水平近 7倍 ;因氡析出而使当地居民额外所受的年最大有效剂量当量为 0 0 5 8mSv。指出在尾砂库表面覆盖黄土 ,可以有效降低氡析出水平 ,当覆盖厚度达 0 5m时 ,可将氡析出水平降低 84%以上。     

超声辐射浸渍法制备Fe-Ni-Mn/Al2O3催化剂及性能研究

以Al2O3为载体,分别采用超声辐射浸渍法和普通浸渍方法制备Fe-Ni-Mn/Al2O3催化剂。采用BET、XRD和SEM对催化剂的理化性质和孔结构进行了分析,以模拟酸性绿B废水为研究对象考察催化剂的催化性能。实验结果表明,浸渍溶液pH值和焙烧温度显著影响催化剂的性能。与普通浸渍法相比,超声浸渍法制备的Fe-Ni-Mn/Al2O3催化剂对酸性绿B脱色反应表现出较高的催化活性。     

微波辐照技术修复氯丹污染土壤

采用微波辐照技术修复氯丹污染土壤。以α-氯丹和γ-氯丹的去除率为评价指标,采用正交实验设计确定土壤中氯丹去除的最佳微波辐照条件。实验结果表明,当微波辐照强度为5.83W/g、微波辐照时间为20min、土壤含水率为15%时,土壤中氯丹的去除效果最好,去除率达到85%以上。微波辐照技术简单高效,易于控制,且无二次污染,具有可行性,可作为修复氯丹污染土壤的新方法。     

微波辐射对污泥性质及脱水性能的影响

将微波辐射用于污泥预处理,考察了500、750和900 W的微波作用下,污泥性质(温度,污泥粒径,胞外聚合物和水解程度)和脱水性能(毛细吸水时间和污泥比阻)的变化情况,并探讨了相关的机理。结果表明,适宜的微波条件能够增加污泥粒径,提高污泥的脱水性能。900 W微波辐射60 s后,污泥粒径增加了71.40%,污泥毛细吸水时间和污泥比阻分别减少了42.70%和73.11%。若进一步增加微波接触时间,不仅使能耗增加,同时也会恶化污泥的脱水性能。     

Photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants in aqueous solution by Bi(4)Nb(x)Ta((1-x))O(8)I

In this work, Bi₄Nb_xTa_(1−x)O₈I photocatalysts have been synthesized by solid state reaction method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and UV-Vis near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of these photocatalysts was evaluated by the degradation of methyl orange (MO) in aqueous solutions under visible light, UV light and solar irradiation. The effects of catalyst dosage, initial pH and MO concentration on the removal efficiency were studied, and the photocatalytic reaction kinetics of MO degradation as well. The results indicated that Bi₄Nb_xTa_(1−x)O₈I exhibited high photocatalytic activity for the removal of MO in aqueous solutions. For example, the removal efficiency of MO by Bi₄Nb_0.1Ta_0.9O₈I was as high as 92% within 12 h visible light irradiation under the optimal conditions: initial MO concentration of 5-10 mg L⁻¹, catalyst dosage of 6 g L⁻¹ and natural pH (6-8), the MO molecules could be completely degradated by Bi₄Nb_0.1Ta_0.9O₈I within 40 min under UV light irradiation, and the photodegradation efficiency reaches to 60% after 7 h solar irradiation. Furthermore, the photocatalytic degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA) was also investigated under visible light irradiation. It is found that 99% BPA could be mineralized by Bi₄Nb_0.1Ta_0.9O₈I after 16 h visible light irradiation. Through HPLC/MS, BOD, TOC, UV-Vis measurements, we determined possible degradation products of MO and BPA. The results indicated that MO was degradated into products which are easier to be biodegradable and innocuous treated, and BPA could be mineralized completely. Furthermore, the possibility for the photosensitization effect in the degradation process of MO under visible light irradiation has been excluded.     

Photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli by natural sphalerite suspension: effect of spectrum, wavelength and intensity of visible light

The photocatalytic disinfection of Escherichia coli K-12 is investigated by the natural sphalerite (NS) under different spectra, wavelengths and intensities of visible light (VL) emitted by light-emitting-diode lamp (LED). The spectrum effect of VL on disinfection efficiency is studied by using white LED, fluorescent tube (FT) and xenon lamp (XE), which indicates that the “discreted peak spectrum” of FT is more effective to inactivate bacteria than “continuous spectrum” of LED and XE. Besides, the photocatalytic disinfection of bacteria is compared under different single spectrum (blue, green, yellow and red color) LEDs. The results show that the most effective wavelength ranges of VL for photocatalytic disinfection with the NS are 440-490 and 570-620 nm. Furthermore, a positive relationship is obtained between the disinfection efficiency and the VL intensity. The experiment shows that NS can completely inactivate 10⁷ cfu mL⁻¹E. coli K-12 within 8 h irradiation by white LED with the intensity of 200 mW cm⁻² at pH 8. Moreover, the destruction process of the cell wall and the cell membrane are directly observed by TEM. Finally, no bacterial colony can be detected within a 96 h regrowth test of inactivated bacteria, which reveals that the VL-photocatalytic disinfection leads to an irreversible damage to the bacterial cells.