Napropamide Residues in Runoff and Infiltration Water from Pepper Production

Abstract

A field study was conducted on a Lowell silty loam soil of 2.7% organic matter at the Kentucky State University Research Farm, Franklin County, Kentucky. Eighteen universal soil loss equation (USLE) standard plots (22 × 3.7 m each) were established on a 10% slope. Three soil management practices were used: (i) class-A biosolids (sewage sludge), (ii) yard waste compost, each mixed with native soil at a rate of 50 ton acre^?1 on a dry-weight basis, and (iii) a no-mulch (NM) treatment (rototilled bare soil), used for comparison purposes. Devrinol 50-DF “napropamide” [N,N-diethyl-2-(1-naphthyloxy) propionamide]was applied as a preemergent herbicide, incorporated into the soil surface, and the plots were planted with 60-day-old sweet bell pepper seedlings. Napropamide residues one hour following spraying averaged 0.8, 0.4, and 0.3 μ g g^{? 1} dry soil in sewage sludge, yard waste compost, and no-mulch treatments, respectively. Surface runoff water, runoff sediment, and napropamide residues in runoff were significantly reduced by the compost and biosolid treatments. Yard waste compost treatments increased water infiltration and napropamide residues in the vadose zone compared to sewage sludge and NM treatments. Total pepper yields from yard waste compost amended soils (9187 lbs acre^?1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than yield from either the soil amended with class-A biosolids (6984 lbs acre^?1) or the no-mulch soil (7162 lbs acre ^?1).     

Behavior of pyrimethanil,pyraclostrobin, boscalid,cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos residues on raspberry fruit and leaves of Laszka variety

The purpose of the research conducted was to investigate and evaluate the behavior of pyrimethanil, pyraclostrobin, boscalid, cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos, the active ingredients of selected fungicides and insecticides, on ripe fruit and in fully developed leaves of raspberry of the Laszka variety. The field trial was carried out in the period of one month starting from the first fruit picking. The results obtained indicated that residue levels on the day of the first crop picking did not even approximate the corresponding EU-MRLs (http://ec.europa.eu/sanco_pesticides). Individual substances in raspberry fruits and leaves disappeared at a similar rate. As a result of chlorpyrifos application to the soil, its residue in fruits and leaves occurred for the whole period of fruit bearing, though in fruit they dropped successively. To produce raspberries with residues below or equal to 0.01 μg g^?1, the application of pesticides should be stopped at least 2–3 weeks before the first crop picking, and on condition that an appropriate preparation (active in low doses) is applied to the last treatments.     

微波消解—石墨炉原子吸收法测定农产品中痕量铅空白值的降低方法探讨

对于铅含量痕量级的水果、蔬菜等农产品,微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法分析时称样量受到限制,其样品消解液中待测元素的总量很小,常出现空白值大于样品值的情况.本文就造成空白值高的原因及处理方法逐一进行了分析研究.     

Polyclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening of paclobutrazol in fruits

Abstract

Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a plant growth regulator (PGR) widely used in fruit and vegetable cultivation. However, due to the severe toxicity of PBZ, a sub-ppm level maximum residue limit (MRL) was established worldwide. Therefore, it is significant to propose a rapid, sensitive and high throughput screening method for monitoring the PBZ residues in foods. In this study, a simple and sensitive indirect competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was established for PBZ detection in fruits basing polyclonal antibody. For both economy and pollution prevention, a microwave-solvent-free method was used to synthesize the PBZ hapten with high efficiency. The detection conditions, such as coating antigen concentration, antibody concentration, organic reagent concentration, ionic strength and pH, were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, this method showed high sensitivity and specificity. The detection range is 1.27-138.23?ng/mL, half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) is 13.26?ng/mL, and the IC₂₀ was lower than the reported ELISAs for PBZ. Additionally, this method had high accuracy and precision. The recoveries were ranged from 88.78% to 96.80% in PBZ spiked apple samples with RSD below 4%. All the results showed that the polyclonal antibody based icELISA could be useful for PBZ screening in fruit samples.     

桂西北果树业的结构优化及其产业化发展——以广西自治区环江县为例

广西壮族自治区环江县选择果树业作为科技扶贫的支柱产业是近几年来探索出来的一条成功经验。通过对环江县科环公司果树业发展模式的分析,作者对桂西北果树业的结构优化及产业化道路进行了探讨。     

A flood risk decision making approach for Mediterranean tree crops using GIS; climate change effects and flood-tolerant species

The aim of this study is to estimate flood risk in the Mediterranean island of Crete in Greece, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The island of Crete, covering an area of 8265 km², is one of the most intensively Mediterranean agricultural areas dominated by fruit tree crops. In this study, the factors that are directly related to the creation of a flood are combined in a GIS environment in order to identify the most prone flooding areas. These factors are: (a) the Flow accumulation (F), (b) the Rainfall intensity (R), (c) the Elevation (E), (d) the Geology (G), (e) the Land use (L), and (f) the Slope (S). The initials of these factors gave the name to the proposed method: “FREGLS”. The above factors are presented in the form of grid maps and are used in order to determine the final flood risk map. Subsequently, the flood prone fruit tree areas of Crete can be estimated by applying a methodology based on weighting coefficients. The reliability of the final flood risk map is verified using historical flooded data. Additionally, the impact of global climate change scenarios A2 and B1, on flood risk in Crete is examined. Based on the above, this study highlights the flood prone fruit tree areas in the island of Crete under current and future climate conditions. Also, flood-tolerant fruit trees which appear to be economically important for Greece are recommended, especially for the high flood risk areas of the island. The proposed methodology can be applied as a decision making tool for flood risk mitigation to any river basin where tree crops are cultivated.     

中国羊胡子草、水蜈蚣二属果皮微形态特征的比较

利用扫描电镜对国产莎草科羊胡子草、水蜈蚣二属果皮微形态特征进行了比较观察和描述．根据果皮纹饰的差异，可将二属划分为两个类型：类型Ⅰ，具网状纹饰；类型Ⅱ，具网瘤状复合纹饰．在类型Ⅱ中，根据每一网眼中的瘤状突起数目及是否具小疣状附属物又可分为两个亚型．即网、单瘤亚型和网、复瘤亚型．研究结果表明：羊胡子草、水蜈蚣二属果皮微形态特征具有多样性、复杂性和稳定性等特点，可作为上述二属种间区别的依据．该研究对于探讨莎草科属间亲缘关系和系统发育也有一定意义     

树干深层理植铁剂“颗颗灵”后效研究

本文测定了成都市龙泉山缺铁失绿症果树埋植铁剂“颗颗灵”三年后叶片的叶绿素含量、厚度、100叶重、100叶体积、100叶面积等叶片生理和生长指标的变化。结果表明，树干深层埋植铁剂“颗颗灵”对供试桃、李、樱桃和柑桔树具有持续的后效．     

赤水市山地农业气候资源与果树生产布局

本文分析了赤水市山地丘陵气候的垂直变化规律，根据各气侯观测资料和温度垂直分布模型，推算出不同海拔高度各温度要素值。根据热量条件指标的自然分异和果树分布的实际情况，划分出不同农业气候层的高度，并对主要果树在赤水地区种植的适宜高度进行了气候适宜性分析，提出了不同农业气候层次的果树发展方向。     

清洁生产审核在果汁企业的应用研究

中国是全球最大的浓缩苹果汁生产和出口国,年产量和出口量均占全球总量的60%左右,均位居世界第一。中国浓缩果汁行业高速发展的同时,严峻的行业环境问题严重限制了中国浓缩果汁行业的进一步发展[1]。企业实施清洁生产审核是企业实现清洁生产最有效的手段.实践表明,通过实施清洁生产审核活动,企业提高了资源能源利用效率,降低了环境污染,取得了经济和环境的同步发展,为浓缩果汁企业今后的清洁生产审核积累了经验。