一种能同时固定CO2和N2的微生物——兼性固CO2、N2菌的分离鉴定及其验证实验

"温室效应"日趋严重,生物固碳特别是微生物固碳将发挥独特的作用.固定N2的微生物固氮菌和固定CO2的微生物固碳菌早已被研究和发现,但能同时固定大气中的CO2、N2并以CO2、N2分别为碳、氮源的微生物至今未见报道,本研究称之为兼性固CO2、N2菌.研究通过固碳菌、固氮菌培养基的优化组合出无碳、氮培养基(分别以空中的CO2、N2为碳源和氮源);通过无氮碳源的兼性固碳氮菌培养基进行分离,筛选分离到一株分别以CO2和N2为碳源和氮源.通过对该菌株的生长特性和固碳酶活性及固氮酶活性进行测定;利用PCR和琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术检测到该菌含有固碳酶RubisCO中cbbL基因及固氮酶nifH基因片段的特异性条带;对该菌进行对照验证实验证明该菌能同时固定空气中的CO2和N2并分别以CO2和N2为碳源和氮源;最后对其形态观察和16SrRNA全序列分析证明该菌株HSJ隶属于链霉菌.     

硫磺和放线菌强化植物修复土壤镉污染

为了强化耐受重金属镉（Cd）的植物包心芥菜对土壤中Cd污染的富集及转运效率,以包心芥菜为研究对象,向土壤中添加0.3%的硫磺和接种不同数量的放线菌Act12（0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0g/kg）,通过盆栽实验,研究不同处理间根际土pH值的变化规律、包心芥菜地上和地下部分Cd的积累量、植物抗氧化酶系的变化以及根系活力.结果表明：添加0.3%硫磺和2.0g/kg放线菌Act12后,根际土pH值下降最大,相比对照下降了14.5%.而添加0.3%硫磺和1.5g/kg的放线菌Act12,包心芥菜地上部分Cd的含量最高,转运系数最大,相比对照,Cd含量提高了79%,并且植物地上部分的干重最大.添加放线菌Act12对植物的抗氧化系统有积极作用,CAT、POD、SOD含量均在0.3%硫磺和1.0g/kg放线菌Act12的添加组合下达到峰值,放线菌Act12还可提高植物的根系活力,降低丙二醛的含量.综上表明,添加硫磺和放线菌Act12均可强化包心芥菜吸收土壤中Cd的能力,其中0.3%硫磺和1.5g/kg放线菌Act12的添加组合强化效果最佳.     

外源硒对黄瓜抗性、镉积累及镉化学形态的影响

采用盆栽试验,在土壤Cd(20 mg·kg-1)污染条件下,测定了不同浓度的Na2Se O3(Se水平为0、0.5和1.0 mg·L-1)处理对2个黄瓜(Cucumis satiuus L.)品种(低Cd富集植物品种津优1号和高Cd富集品种燕白)生物量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性及黄瓜体内Cd形态和Cd积累量的影响.结果表明,叶面喷施硒(Na2Se O3)后,黄瓜叶、茎、根、果实、植株干重,以及Cd含量和积累量在两个品种间的差异达到了显著性水平.随硒浓度的增加,燕白叶的丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐增加,津优1号叶的丙二醛含量则逐渐减少;燕白根的丙二醛含量先增后降,津优1号根的丙二醛含量先降后增.喷施Na2Se O3后,黄瓜叶和根的CAT、SOD和POD活性呈现不同变化趋势.喷施外源硒降低了2个品种果实中不同形态Cd含量.叶面喷施Na2Se O3使黄瓜叶、茎、根和果实中的Cd含量分别下降了3.2%~17.9%、14.6%~28.2%、5.1%~18.5%和60.6%~75.8%.比较2个供试黄瓜品种,无论喷施Na2Se O3与否,黄瓜植株中Cd积累量以津优1号燕白.     

水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻生理生化及光合活性的影响

通过研究不同浓度(30、40、50、60、70 mg·L-1)和不同粒径(0～75μm、75 ～ 96μm、96 ～150 μm、150～ 250 μm)水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)叶绿素a含量、抗氧化系酶活性、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性蛋白含量及光合参数变化的影响,探讨了水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻生理生化及光合活性影响的机制.结果表明,预处理与未处理悬浮颗粒物在一定浓度范围内会促进藻类生长,超过各自临界浓度(预处理为40 mg·L-1、未处理为50 mg·L-1)后,随着颗粒物浓度的增加会对藻类生长产生抑制现象未经处理的相同浓度不同粒径颗粒物对斜生栅藻都表现出抑制作用,0～75μm粒径组颗粒物作用下藻体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、MDA和可溶性蛋白质含量等均显著区别于其他粒径组的作用(p＜0.05).经过预处理的相同浓度不同粒径颗粒物中,96～150μm粒径组对藻类的生长抑制较其他粒径组明显,且小粒径组颗粒物对藻类体内SOD、CAT、MDA和可溶性蛋白质含量等影响较大.受不同浓度悬浮颗粒物胁迫的斜生栅藻相对电子传递速率随着时间延长在一定程度上降低,但这种抑制作用在藻细胞的耐受范围,藻细胞可以通过自身调节将电子传递速率恢复到正常水平甚至更高以抵抗逆境环境.     

Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis: I. Prospective study of 51 pregnancies

A prenatal diagnosis was performed in 51 pregnancies with a 1-in-4 risk of having a child with cystic fibrosis. The criteria for determining an affected fetus were based on the results of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) residual activity after inhibition by phenylalanine and by homoarginine, of total ALP activity, and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGTP) activity in the amniotic fluid taken between 16 and 19 weeks of pregnancy. The chromosomal analysis of amniotic fluid cells showed trisomy 13 in one case which was excluded from the analysis of biochemical assays. The biochemical assays were in the normal ranges in the amniotic fluid of 35 pregnancies: 26 have reached term and a normal infant has been born, 9 are still in progress. A deficiency of the ALP phenylalanine-inhibitable form, depressed values of total ALP and GGTP were observed in the amniotic fluid of 15 pregnancies: one pregnancy went to term and the infant had CF, in 14 cases the pregnancy was terminated, and meconium ileus was observed in ten of these cases. It was observed that the changes towards abnormal values became more significant with advancing gestational age and that 18 weeks appeared to be the optimum time for diagnostic amniocentesis.     

A Functional Approach to the Assessment of the Nutritional Value of Particulate Organic Matter

Organic matter lability can be determined with different approaches, based on the quantitative and qualitative estimate of its nutritional value. the C/N ratio and the particulate organic matter (as the sum of protein, carbohydrate and lipid bulks) vs total suspended matter (POM/TSM) deal with a quantitative assessment of the organic matter bulk, while other indices such as proteins/carbohydrates ratio (PRT/CHO) may give also qualitative information. Gordon (1970) proposed a functional approach, based on organic carbon decrease after enzymatic digestion. Coupling Gordon's approach with the evaluation of the main biochemical components (proteins, carbohydrates and lipids) contained in the particulate organic matter, a simple method to assess lability and nutritional value of organic substrates is proposed.

Water samples were collected at the surface and close to the bottom in a shallow coastal station (10 m depth) in the Marconi Gulf (Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterranean). the difference between “total labile” and “hydrolyzed labile” organic matter (respectively before and after enzymatic digestion) suggests a relevant presence of resuspended refractory materials vs about 60% of labile hydrolyzed organic matter, thus confirming the importance of a more qualitative approach to organic matter studies.     

Larvae of Sand Smelts (Atherina hepsetus L.) as a Bioindicator of Pollution in the Black Sea Coastal Waters

The activity of antioxidant enzymes and electrophoretic protein spectra were studied in sand smelt larvae inhabiting from five Sevastopol bays with different degrees of anthropogenic impact. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and the heterogeneity of electrophoretic protein spectra proved to increase in the larvae from the most polluted waters. The possibility of using these parameters as biological markers for assessing the influence of pollution on the early stages of fish ontogeny and the marine environment are discussed.     

Normal ranges of the activities of ten different enzymes in 100 independent preparations of chorionic villi. Comparison of specimens from induced abortions,biopsies, and cultured cells

In order to obtain a large set of normal control values, the activities of three cytosolic enzymes of purine metabolism and seven lysosomal enzymes were determined in homogenates of chorionic villi derived from induced abortions of normal pregnancies (7th–12th week) in about 100 individual cases. Possible reasons for the rather wide ranges of normal distributions of enzyme activities are discussed. The values are compared: (1) with available data in the literature; (2) with activities determined in decidual homogenates prepared from the same samples; (3) with activities of cells of cultures established and grown from villi in the same samples; and (4) with enzyme activities measured in chorionic biopsies using the same methods. Implications for the prenatal diagnosis of the associated metabolic diseases are considered.     

Prenatal diagnosis of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase deficiency by fetal liver biopsy

In a pregnancy at risk for carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase (CPS) deficiency, prenatal diagnosis was attempted by fetal liver biopsy, performed at 18 weeks of gestation. CPS activity was absent and the diagnosis was confirmed after termination of the pregnancy. The technique employed for fetal liver biopsy is described together with an evaluation of its possible role in prenatal diagnosis.     

Microvillar enzyme assays in amniotic fluid and fetal tissues at different stages of development

A systematic study of microvillar enzyme activities in the amniotic fluid in correlation with their values in different fetal tissues during development has been undertaken. Microvillar enzymes appeared in the amniotic fluid at the time of disappearance of the anal membrane, 12–13 weeks, and declined from the 18th week until the 24th week. The study of fetal tissues and fluids has shown that gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase is mainly of liver origin. The significant decrease of the activities of these amniotic fluid enzymes has been the basis of prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. These assays may be useful for the diagnosis of certain digestive tract abnormalities at later stages of pregnancy.