MBR活性污泥培养驯化过程中生物多样性研究

以MBR反应器启动调试阶段的活性污泥为主要研究对象,系统考察了传统活性污泥法(Conventional activated sludge,CAS)污泥接种至MBR反应器内污泥培养驯化过程中生物多样性情况及微生物群落结构的演变规律.同时,在传统污水污泥检测指标的基础上,对各阶段污泥中总细菌基因组DNA进行提取,应用PCR-DGGE分子生物学技术获得了相应的凝胶电泳图谱并进一步分析了菌群间的相似性.结果表明,以CAS污泥为接种污泥在MBR反应器内培养驯化过程中微生物的多样性变化突出,细菌群落结构演替明显,不同阶段菌群间的相似性说明了各阶段菌群的演变关系:污泥培养驯化是一个逐步有序的过程,微生物随反应器内不同时期及环境的变化而调整,逐渐演变成适应MBR工艺的群落结构.     

在线NaClO反洗对倒置A2O-MBR系统微生物群落的影响

为研究在线NaClO反洗对MBR系统微生物群落结构的影响,采用倒置A2O-MBR反应器分别经历稳定期、在线纯水反洗及在线NaClO反洗阶段,监测系统运行效果、膜污染状况以及微生物群落结构特征.结果表明,在线NaClO反洗阶段反应器对COD、氨氮、TN等的去除效果与反洗前相差无几.在线纯水反洗后平均膜污染速率较稳定期有所降低,而在线NaClO反洗阶段膜污染速率增加,EPS浓度最高,膜污染加剧. Chao指数、Simpson指数和Shannon指数结果表明,在线NaClO反洗后好氧池污泥的微生物多样性几乎不变,而滤饼层污泥的种群丰度略微升高,但微生物的种群多样性明显降低.好氧池和滤饼层污泥的微生物种群主要以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为主,其次是拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes).经在线NaClO反洗后,好氧池污泥的变形菌门和拟杆菌门种群相对丰度变化很小,而滤饼层污泥的种群组成变化明显,对氯消毒剂有一定抵抗性的变形菌门从53. 4%增加到77. 8%,而拟杆菌门从33. 4%减少至14. 5%.经在线NaClO反洗后,好氧池和滤饼层在科水平微生物群落分布上十分相似,固氮螺菌科、丛毛单胞菌科等相比NaClO反洗前明显增加,那些能够耐受NaClO处理的微生物种可能是在线NaClO反洗阶段膜污染加剧的主要原因.     

耦合发酵产氢尾液处理的微生物电化学系统研究

区别于传统的稀释或加缓冲剂调节pH值的方法,本文提出采用微生物电解池（MEC）电调控暗发酵尾液pH值,并进一步采用微生物电合成系统（MES）降解废液产甲烷.结果表明,在MEC处理产氢暗发酵尾液过程中,伴随着阴极侧氢气的产生,暗发酵尾液中大量H⁺被消耗,溶液pH值从4.5升高到8.7;随后在MES中,产氢发酵尾液中有机物被进一步降解产生甲烷,其平均产甲烷速率达到4.5mmol/（L·d）,且在21d内化学需氧量（COD）去除率达到89%,远优于没有经过pH调控的产氢发酵尾液MES中的产甲烷性能.     

无排泥运行MBR处理不同浓度氨氮废水及其生物特性

考察了水力停留时间(HRT)为10 h时无排泥运行下膜-生物反应器(MBR)处理不同浓度氨氮无机废水的运行性能及微生物特性.结果表明,在处理NH₄⁺-N≤500 mg/L的废水时,氨氮转化率可达99%且反应器内微生物增长缓慢,比硝化速率从0.2kg/(kg·d)升至0.52 kg/(kg·d);当NH₄⁺-N≥700 mg/L时,出水亚硝酸氮和氨氮相继出现明显累积,比硝化速率随之下降至0.4kg/(kg·d)以下,反应器内生物量从3 200 mg/L上升至6 700 mg/L.反应器中的氨氧化菌维持在10⁷CFU/mL,亚硝酸盐氧化菌从10⁶CFU/mL下降至10³CFU/mL.系统内的溶解性微生物产物(以TOC表示)升至65 mg/L后保持稳定,出水TOC一直维持在3～4mg/L;细胞外分泌物(EPS)在膜的截流作用下随运行时间的延长积累至600 mg/L.     

硝化菌与膜生物反应器结合处理生活污水中氨氮

研究了硝化菌与膜生物反应器结合处理生活污水中氨氮，实验用水采用食堂与化粪池混合水，实验装置采用膜生物反应器，进水氨氮在4mg／L左右，出水氨氮值接近0，实验结果表明出水能够达到国家工业冷却回用水的指标要求，同时COD也降至30mg／L以下，能满足回用要求。     

MBR-PAC系统影响因素的研究

向膜生物反应器内投加40 g·L-1粉末活性炭处理尾水,运行效果良好.排泥和水力停留时间对处理效果有很大影响,流量和曝气量在一定程度上决定了膜污染的进程,粉末活性炭吸附降解了一些易引起膜污染的有机物,改变了污泥的性质,使膜通量得到改善.气洗和反冲洗能很好的维持膜通量,离线清洗可使膜通量基本恢复.     

Laboratory scale studies on removal of chromium from industrial wastes

Chromium being one of the major toxic pollutants is discharged from electroplating and chrome tanning processes and is also found in the effluents of dyes,paint pigments,manufacturing units etc.Chromium exists in aqueous systems in both trivalent(Cr^3 )and hexavalent (Cr^6 )forms.The hexavalent form is carcinogenic and toxic to aquatic life,whereas Cr^3 is however comparatively less toxic.This study was undertaken to investigate the total chromium removal from industial effluents by chemical means in order to achieve the Pakistan NEQS level of 1 mg/L by the methods of reduction and precipitation.The study was conducted in four phase Ⅰ,the optimum pH and cost effective reducing agent among the four popular commercial chemicals was selected.As a result,pH of 2 was found to be most suitable and sodium meta bisulfate was found to be the most cost effective reducing agent respectively.Phase Ⅱ showed that lower dose of sodium meta hisulfate was sufficient to obtain 100% efficiency in reducing Cr^6 to Cr^3 ,and it was noted that reaction time had no significance in the whole process.A design curve for reduction process was established which can act as a tool for treatment of industrial effluents.Phase Ⅲ studies indicated the best pH was 8.5 for precipitation of Cr^3 to chromium hydroxide by using lime.An efficiency of 100% was achievable and a settling time of 30 minutes produced clear effluent.Finally in Phase Ⅳ actual waste samples from chrome tanning and electroplating industries,when precipitated at pH of 12 gave 100% efficiency at a settling time of 30 minutes and confirmed that chemical means of reduction and precipitation is a feasible and viable solution for treating chromium wastes from industries.     

膜生物反应器在高浓度有机废水处理中的应用

介绍了膜生物反应器 (MBR)在高浓度有机废水中的应用。实验结果表明 ,系统对COD、氨氮的去除率较高 ,但出水浓度仍然较高 ,出水几乎监测不到SS。另外 ,膜的通量下降很快 ,维持在较低的水平。     

A pilot scale anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor (A/O MBR) for woolen mill dyeing wastewater treatment

A pilot-scale( 10 m^3/d) anoxic/oxic membrane bioreactor( A/O MBR) was tested for dyeing wastewater treatment of woolen mill without wasting sludge in 125 days operation. Results showed that the effluent quality was excellent, i.e. effluent COD less than 25 mg/L,BOD5 under 5 mg/L, turbidity lower than 0.65 NTU, and colour less than 30 DT, and met with the reuse water standard of China. The removal rates of COD, BOD5, colour, and turbidity were 92.4%, 98.4%, 74% and 98.9%, respectively. Constant-flux operation mode was carried out in this study, and backwash was effective for reducing membrane fouling and maintaining constant flux. Membrane fouling had heavy impact on energy consumption. More attention should be paid on pipe selection and design for the sidestream MBR system, too.     

印染废水集中处理工程的实例分析

针对印染企业集中园区产生的综合废水复杂多变,必要选择合式的处理工艺,因此,以某印染企业集中园区的污水处理厂为例,采用厌氧＋好氧＋物化组合工艺,并对废水的脱色和可生化性的改善进行了试验研究,通过类比调查,优化工程设计参数;经工程实践证明,综合印染废水经该工艺处理后,能达到一级排放标准.