Ti/Ti4O7阳极电化学氧化降解水中的美托洛尔

等离子喷涂法制备了钛基亚氧化钛电极(Ti/Ti_4O_7),以该电极为阳极,研究了电化学氧化法对水中美托洛尔的去除效果.考察了电流密度(5~25 mA·cm~(-2))、极板间距(5~25 mm)和初始浓度(3~50 mg·L~(-1))对美托洛尔电化学降解效率的影响;分析美托洛尔电化学降解过程中溶液总有机碳(TOC)和毒性的变化,鉴别反应中间产物并计算其毒性.研究表明:Ti/Ti_4O_7阳极电化学降解美托洛尔反应符合一级反应动力学规律(R20.95),降解效率随电流密度的增大而增大,随极板间距和初始浓度的增大而减小;TOC去除率在反应40 min后可达56.5%;反应过程中产生了质合比为266、250、223和207的中间产物,造成美托洛尔溶液的生物毒性在电化学反应过程中先升高后下降.     

微囊藻毒素［Dha7］MCRR的制备及鉴定

以野外收集的水华蓝藻为原料,经过75％甲醇溶液浸提,快速色谱分离和半制备色谱纯化,从滇池水华蓝藻中分离纯化出1种微囊藻毒素变体。电喷雾质谱、紫外分光光度计和HPLC检测结果表明,所得毒素为[Dha7]MCRR,是MCRR的1种去甲基化变体,其纯度大于 95％。该毒素的分子组成为环(Ala-Arg-MeAsp-Arg-Adda-Glu-Dha),分子量为1023,其紫外扫描光谱（200～300nm）在239nm处有特征吸收。[Dha7]MCRR在滇池水华蓝藻中普遍存在,有时会成为MC的主要种类。     

Electrochemical Detection of Pathogen Infection Using Cell Chip

The immobilized cell using self-assembled synthetic oligopeptide was applied to the electrochemical detection of pathogen infection. Thin films based on cysteine-terminated synthetic oligopeptides were fabricated for the immobilization of HeLa cell on gold (Au) substrate. Layer formation and immobilization of the cell were investigated with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Experimental results showed that the thin film of cysteine-terminated synthetic oligopeptide was successfully fabricated and it could be applied for the immobilization of HeLa cells. The adhered living cell was exposed to E. coli O157:H7, which induced the change of SPR angle and electrochemical impedance signal. The proposed cell immobilization method using self-assembly technique can be applied to construct the cell microarray for on-site pathogen monitoring.     

Sm2(Zr1-xTix)2O7陶瓷材料的结构及热物理性能

目的研究氧化物TiO_2 B位掺杂对Sm_2Zr2O_7陶瓷材料的结构及热物理性能的影响。方法以Sm_2O_3、ZrO_2、TiO_2为原料,通过高温固相合成法制备用过渡金属氧化物TiO_2掺杂Sm_2Zr2O_7的Sm_2(Zr_(1-x)Ti_x)_2O_7(x=0,0.2,0.4,x为摩尔分数)陶瓷材料。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究陶瓷材料的物相结构以及显微形貌,利用阿基米德原理测定陶瓷材料的体积密度。根据Neumann-Kopp定律计算材料热容,采用高温热膨胀仪及激光导热仪对材料的热膨胀性能和热导率进行表征。结果 Sm_2(Zr_(1-x)Ti_x)_2O_7体系陶瓷材料为立方烧绿石结构,显微结构致密,晶界清晰。Sm_2Zr2O_7掺杂小离子半径Ti~(4+)使其热膨胀系数有所提高,热扩散系数降低,并在高温下表现出类似于玻璃的超低热导率。800℃时,Sm_2Zr_(1.6)Ti_(0.4)O_7的热导率为1.29 W/(m·K),平均热膨胀系数达到10.6×10~(-6) K~(-1)。结论由于基质原子与取代原子之间的原子量差随Ti掺杂量的增加而逐渐降低,其热导率随Ti掺杂量增加而升高。     

L andsat-7 SLC- OFF ETM遥感数据下载及在太湖蓝藻水华监测中的应用

利用互联网上USGS提供的公益性Landsat-7SLC—OFFETM遥感数据下载服务,建立了太湖地区2003年-2008年ETM遥感影像数据库,开展蓝藻水华面积解译和暴发特征分析。统计结果表明,2007年和2008年太湖蓝藻水华暴发呈加剧态势。     

硫酸亚铁用于污水厂二沉池出水化学除磷

为了获得影响硫酸亚铁化学除磷效果的因素,研究了反应时间,溶液pH值以及碱度对硫酸亚铁化学除磷效果的影响。并研究了不同进水磷酸盐浓度下,硫酸亚铁投加β值与除磷率以及余P的关系,使用MATLAB软件对实验结果进行了模拟,获得了进水含磷量、硫酸亚铁投加β值以及出水余P含量三者之间的关系方程,并通过实验验证了该方程的准确性,该方程可用于指导计算水厂在使用硫酸亚铁化学除磷时的投加量。     

磁改性羊粪衍生ZVI-生物炭的制备及其活化过一硫酸盐降解AO7特性研究

以羊粪为原料,制备磁改性羊粪衍生ZVI-生物炭复合材料 （SMF₈₀₀）,通过BET、SEM、XRD、N₂吸附-脱附等温线等对其表面形貌及晶体结构进行表征,并采用序批实验考查活化剂和过一硫酸盐 （PMS） 投加量、温度、溶液初始pH、无机阴离子等因素对AO7降解效率影响.结果表明,SMF₈₀₀拥有高度石墨化及多孔结构,在最佳条件下 （PMS=0.8 g·L^-1、SMF₈₀₀=0.5 g·L^-1、AO7=20 mg·L^-1、T=25 ℃）,40 min内AO7能被完全降解,在弱酸条件下有利于脱色,且活化剂经过3次循环使用后仍具有良好的活化效率.猝灭实验和XPS测试结果表明,自由基 （SO4- ?、·OH、O₂^·- ） 和非自由基途径 （¹O₂） 协同作用于AO7的降解,其中以Fe⁰还原PMS产生SO4- ?的自由基途径占主导地位,以Fe⁰诱导碳电子、生物炭表面含氧官能团 （C-OH 和COOH） 激活PMS产生¹O₂为辅,而SMF₈₀₀石墨化及大量的sp²-C结构为电子转移提供良好的场所.综上,本研究设计制备了一种新型的生物炭基ZVI活化剂,以期为有机废水高效、低成本的处理方法提供新的技术支撑,同时也为粪源资源化利用提供新的途径.     

Toward an integrative molecular approach to wildlife disease

Pathogens pose serious threats to human health, agricultural investment, and biodiversity conservation through the emergence of zoonoses, spillover to domestic livestock, and epizootic outbreaks. As such, wildlife managers are often tasked with mitigating the negative effects of disease. Yet, parasites form a major component of biodiversity that often persist. This is due to logistical challenges of implementing management strategies and to insufficient understanding of host–parasite dynamics. We advocate for an inclusive understanding of molecular diversity in driving parasite infection and variable host disease states in wildlife systems. More specifically, we examine the roles of genetic, epigenetic, and commensal microbial variation in disease pathogenesis. These include mechanisms underlying parasite virulence and host resistance and tolerance, and the development, regulation, and parasite subversion of immune pathways, among other processes. Case studies of devil facial tumor disease in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) and chytridiomycosis in globally distributed amphibians exemplify the broad range of questions that can be addressed by examining different facets of molecular diversity. For particularly complex systems, integrative molecular analyses present a promising frontier that can provide critical insights necessary to elucidate disease dynamics operating across scales. These insights enable more accurate risk assessment, reconstruction of transmission pathways, discernment of optimal intervention strategies, and development of more effective and ecologically sound treatments that minimize damage to the host population and environment. Such measures are crucial when mitigating threats posed by wildlife disease to humans, domestic animals, and species of conservation concern.     

A role for selective contraception of individuals in conservation

Contraception has an established role in managing overabundant populations and preventing undesirable breeding in zoos. We propose that it can also be used strategically and selectively in conservation to increase the genetic and behavioral quality of the animals. In captive breeding programs, it is becoming increasingly important to maximize the retention of genetic diversity by managing the reproductive contribution of each individual and preventing genetically suboptimal breeding through the use of selective contraception. Reproductive suppression of selected individuals in conservation programs has further benefits of allowing animals to be housed as a group in extensive enclosures without interfering with breeding recommendations, which reduces adaptation to captivity and facilitates the expression of wild behaviors and social structures. Before selective contraception can be incorporated into a breeding program, the most suitable method of fertility control must be selected, and this can be influenced by factors such as species life history, age, ease of treatment, potential for reversibility, and desired management outcome for the individual or population. Contraception should then be implemented in the population following a step‐by‐step process. In this way, it can provide crucial, flexible control over breeding to promote the physical and genetic health and sustainability of a conservation dependent species held in captivity. For Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii), black‐flanked rock wallabies (Petrogale lateralis), and burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur), contraception can benefit their conservation by maximizing genetic diversity and behavioral integrity in the captive breeding program, or, in the case of the wallabies and bettongs, by reducing populations to a sustainable size when they become locally overabundant. In these examples, contraceptive duration relative to reproductive life, reversibility, and predictability of the contraceptive agent being used are important to ensure the potential for individuals to reproduce following cessation of contraception, as exemplified by the wallabies when their population crashed and needed females to resume breeding.     

Illegal fishing and territorial user rights in Chile

Illegal fishing poses a major threat to conservation of marine resources worldwide. However, there is still limited empirical research that quantifies illegal catch levels. We used the randomized response technique to estimate the proportion of divers and the quantities of loco (Concholepas concholepas) they extracted illegally. Loco have been managed for the past 17 years through a territorial user rights for fisheries system (TURFs) in Chile. Illegal fishing of loco was widespread within the TURFs system. Official reported landings (i.e., legal landings) accounted for 14–30% of the total loco extraction. Our estimates suggest that ignoring the magnitude of illegal fishing and considering only official landing statistics may lead to false conclusions about the status and trends of a TURFs managed fishery. We found evidence of fisher associations authorizing their members to poach inside TURFs, highlighting the need to design TURFs systems so that government agencies and fishers’ incentives and objectives align through continuous adaptation. Government support for enforcement is a key element for the TURFs system to secure the rights that are in place.