环境检测机构人员培训工作探讨

环境检测人员培训在整个生态文明建设中发挥着至关重要的作用,本文从培训计划、培训内容、培训方式、有效评价和记录归档五个方面探讨了环境检测机构人员培训工作流程,以确保机构行之有效地开展人员培训。     

酸性土壤条件下纳米氧化锌长期暴露对蕹菜生长和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为了探明酸性土壤条件下纳米氧化锌（nano-ZnO）长期暴露对蕹菜的生理生态效应,通过盆栽实验,设置7个浓度系列的nano-ZnO,70 d后测定相对叶绿素含量、生长参数和叶绿素荧光参数。结果显示,随nano-ZnO浓度升高,蕹菜相对叶绿素含量和生长参数先缓慢增加后显著下降。nano-ZnO对蕹菜生物量在根部和冠部间的分配无显著影响。相对叶绿素含量与nano-ZnO浓度呈显著负相关（r=-0.879,p<0.001）。在nano-ZnO质量比为160 mg/kg时,光合有效辐射190μmol/(m²·s)诱导的激发能过剩,但过剩激发能可通过热耗散保护机制消耗,以避免发生光损伤。酸性土壤条件下,弱光诱导的蕹菜叶绿素荧光参数对nano-ZnO长期暴露不敏感,但蕹菜的生物量累积易受nano-ZnO长期暴露的影响。     

黄河河口区域有机污染物的特征分析

对2004年采集于黄河河口区域的水样进行了检测分析共鉴定出有机污染物8类192种,包括VOCs33种、SVOCs159种;其中属美国列出的129种优先控制污染物的有62种,属我国列出的58种优先控制污染物的有33种,属GB3838-2002控制的有31种.定量出的VOCs有19种,主要包括卤代烃类和单环芳香族类,其质量浓度平均值分别为0.683和0.609 μg/L;定量出的SVOCs有69种,主要包括多环芳烃类、酯类、单环芳香族类、卤代烃类、酚类和农药类,其质量浓度平均值分别为0.458,1.011,0.367,0.121,0 220和0.045 μg/L,其中多环芳烃类、酯类和单环芳香族类的污染程度相对较高,分别超标2.857,0.288和0.001～1.543倍.      

原料含水率及成型直径对秸秆成型燃料耐久性的影响

原料含水率及成型直径对秸秆成型燃料耐久性具有重要影响,通过试验发现含水率对秸秆固化成型(SDBF)技术的抗渗水性影响很显著,原料含水率10%～15%(质量分数,下同)范围内得到的SDBF渗水分解超过4 h;原料含水率也显著影响SDBF的抗跌碎性,含水率不大于15%的SDBF失重率一般不超过5%,能满足规模化技术的应用.对于HPB-成型机生产的SDBF,成型直径大的SDBF抗渗水性时间较长,随着成型直径减小抗渗水性时间减少,抗渗水性能降低.     

Field reconnaissance and estimation of petroleum hydrocarbon and heavy metal contents of soils affected by the Ebocha-8 oil spillage in Niger Delta, Nigeria

Field reconnaissance of the Ebocha-8 oil spill-affected site at Obiobi/Obrikom in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria was carried out to assess the extent of damage to the terrestrial ecosystem and delimit the epicenter of oil spillage. Following three successive reconnaissance surveys, the area to be sampled was delimited (200 x 200 m2), and soil samples were collected using the grid method from three replicate quadrats at two depths, surface (0-15 cm) and subsurface (15-30 cm). A geographically similar area located 50 m adjacent to the oil-polluted area was used as a reference (control) site. Total hydrocarbon content (THC) and heavy metal concentrations were later determined in the laboratory by extraction and spetrophotemetric techniques. Generally, the THC of soils at surface and subsurface depths of the oil-polluted plots was 2.06 x 10(4) +/- 4.97 x 10(3) mg/kg and 1.67 x 10(3) +/- 3.61 x 10(2) mg/kg soil, respectively, (no overlap in standard errors at 95% confidence limit) while concentrations of heavy metals(Pb, Cd, V, Cu and Ni) were enhanced, especially at the surface. The high levels of THC and heavy metals may predispose the site, which hitherto served as arable agricultural land, to impaired fertility and possible conflagration. When concentrations of heavy metals reach the levels obtained in this study, they may become toxic to plants or possibly bio-accumulate, thus leading to toxic reactions along the food chain. While the spilled-oil may have contributed to the enhanced levels of the metals in the affected soils, physico-chemical properties of the soils, mobility of metals, and the intense rainfall and flooding that preceded the period of study may have also contributed in part to their enhanced concentrations. The presence of high hydrocarbon content may cause oxygen deprivation, which may result in the death of soil fauna by asphyxiation. There is, therefore, an urgent need to clear the affected site of these excess hydrocarbon deposits so as to enhance the rehabilitation process of the affected mat layer of soils. Other appropriate mitigating measures, such as subsequent monitoring of hydrocarbon levels at suitable intervals after the clean up activities, are also recommended, with reference to the findings of this study, for effective management of the affected area.     

Imidacloprid induced alterations in oxidative stress,biochemical, genotoxic,and immunotoxic biomarkers in non-mammalian model organism Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Imidacloprid (IMI), a neonicotinoid insecticide, is widely used to control pests in agriculture. We investigated the changes in antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation levels, biochemical effects, genotoxic effect, and immunotoxic effect of sublethal doses (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00?µg) of IMI at different time periods (24, 48, 72, and 96?h) on a model organism, Galleria mellonella L. The results indicated that there were dose-dependent increases in both antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and CAT) and MDA levels. Protein content was not affected by IMI at 24th and 48th, whereas it was decreased by the highest dose of IMI (1.00?µg) at 72nd and 96th h. Lipid and carbohydrate contents were reduced with increasing doses of IMI. Micronucleus frequency significantly increased in all IMI doses. All IMI doses caused a significant decrease in THC at 24th, 48th, and 72nd h. Our results can help to illustrate the effects of IMI in target organisms and indirectly may aid to discover potential risk of it on nontarget organisms. Future studies, at molecular levels, will be helpful in understanding the mechanism of action of IMI on these biomarkers.     

硝基苯灌胃致小鼠蛋白质氧化损伤作用的研究

为了探讨硝基苯对小鼠多器官的蛋白质氧化损伤程度,采用不同剂量的硝基苯对小鼠进行灌胃染毒(每天1次,共30 d),用2,4-二硝基苯肼比色法测定小鼠组织蛋白质羰基含量,用以判断蛋白质的损伤程度.结果显示,各组织空白对照和油对照组间差异均不显著(p＞0.05),随着染毒剂量的增加,肝脏、肾脏、脾脏和心脏的蛋白质羰基含量呈上升趋势,脑组织只在高剂量组表现明显升高趋势;低剂量组与油对照组相比,只有肝脏蛋白质羰基含量显著性升高(p＜0.05);中、高剂量组与油对照组相比,各组织蛋白质羰基含量显著性升高(p＜0.05).以上结果表明,低剂量硝基苯可以对细胞蛋白质产生氧化损伤作用,并且随着染毒剂量的增加,小鼠各组织蛋白质羰基含量呈上升趋势,蛋白质氧化损伤程度加重.     

粉煤灰和生石灰对生活污水污泥脱水影响研究

通过比阻和泥饼含水率的测定,进行污泥脱水的粉煤灰(含粗、细)、生石灰投加实验。单独投加实验表明,在投量10g/100mL时,细粉煤灰(0.075mm筛下)能使比阻值降低91.8%,效果稍次于生石灰;且细粉煤灰降低泥饼含水率的效果最好。联合、单独投加对比实验表明,投量10g/100mL时,粉煤灰与生石灰以1∶1(质量比)联合投加降低比阻值达99.8%,效果好于二者单独投加;但联合投加降低泥饼含水率的效果不如单独投加粉煤灰,仅与生石灰的效果相当。     

渗滤液回灌对填埋垃圾含水率的影响研究

文章通过模拟实验研究了不同的渗滤液回灌频率、回灌量和回灌速率对压实密度不同的垃圾的含水率的影响。研究表明,由于通道流的存在和影响,渗滤液的产生时间提前于填埋垃圾达到其有效贮水率的时间;渗滤液回灌频率越高、回灌量越大、回灌速率越慢、垃圾体温度越低、垃圾压实密度越高,则填埋垃圾的有效贮水率越大、含水率越高。在实施渗滤液回灌操作时,须综合考虑滤液回灌频率、回灌量、回灌速率、垃圾温度和垃圾压实密度等影响因素。     

广州市32种水产品的Se含量特征分析

通过酸消解,原子荧光-氢化物发生法测定了广州市部分市售水产品中Se的含量,由标准物质(GBW 08551猪肝)和回收率控制检测质量.结果表明,不同水产品中Se含量有较大差异,含量范围为(34.-1117.)×10-9,平均含量为(345.±149.)×10-9,不同类型水产品中Se含量变化特征是:甲壳类(544.±107.)×10-9＞海水鱼类(392.±86.)×10-9＞软体类(244.±89.)×10-9＞淡水鱼类(238.±97.)×10-9.