微囊藻毒素LR对BRL-3A凋亡相关蛋白表达的影响

用蛋白印迹法研究了微囊藻毒素LR(MCLR)暴露时大鼠BRL-3A细胞p53、Bcl-2和Bax的表达情况.结果表明,与对照组相比,各实验组p53和Bax表达均明显升高.除了10nmol/L LR暴露1h实验组外,其它实验组Bcl-2表达均下降.在低浓度组(10nmol/L),随暴露时间的延长,p53和Bax表达逐渐升高,Bcl-2表达逐渐下降,而在中浓度(100nmol/L)和高浓度组(1000nmol/L),蛋白表达与暴露时间的一致性没有低浓度组(10nmol/L)明显.表明p53、Bcl-2和Bax在MCLR诱导的细胞凋亡中可能起重要作用.     

新型MIL-100(Fe)基MOFs材料的制备及其对Sr2+的吸附

采用水热法和溶剂热法制备了金属有机骨架材料——MIL-100(Fe)和MIL-100(Fe)-DMA.利用FTIR、XRD、SEM、XPS和N₂吸附/脱附对材料结构进行了表征.通过静态吸附实验,探究了初始Sr²⁺浓度、吸附时间、溶液pH值和不同共存阳离子对材料吸附性能的影响,研究了两种材料对Sr²⁺吸附过程的吸附动力学和吸附等温线模型.表征结果表明:两种材料基本骨架一致,吸附Sr²⁺对材料骨架影响均可忽略;虽然MIL-100(Fe)-DMA比表面积小于MIL-100(Fe),但由于晶粒尺寸小,堆积形成的介孔结构更有利于Sr²⁺的扩散.吸附实验结果表明:随着反应时间和初始Sr²⁺浓度的增加,两种材料对Sr²⁺的吸附量先迅速增大再逐渐达到平衡;随着pH值的增大,两种材料对Sr²⁺的吸附量增大,且碱性条件下吸附效果好;两种材料吸附过程均符合准二级动力学模型、颗粒内扩散模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型;采用三价铁盐作为铁源以及DMA作为有机溶剂可提高MIL-100(Fe)材料对Sr²⁺的吸附效果.     

铅对小鼠肝脏超微结构及凋亡相关蛋白p53、Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响

为探讨铅对小鼠肝脏超微结构及凋亡相关蛋白p53、Bax、Bcl-2表达的影响,取刚断奶的ICR雄性小鼠25只,随机分为5组,以10、50、100、500 mg·kg-1的醋酸铅隔天灌胃,连续28天,对照组灌高纯水.用westernblot法检测肝组织中p53、Bax及Bcl-2表达量,并用肝做病理组织切片.病理切片可见在高浓度组(100、500 mg·kg-1)肝细胞结构损伤比较严重、细胞核体积缩小、染色质浓缩、线粒体肿胀、基质变淡、不均匀、嵴消失,并出现空泡及线粒体的崩解;50 mg·kg-1组可看到内质网的增生和扩张.在最低浓度组(10 mg·kg-1),p53和Bax的表达量明显升高,与对照组相比差异有显著性(p＜0.05);随着染毒浓度的升高,二者的表达量又逐渐下降,到最高浓度组(500 mg·kg-1)时,p53和Bax的表达量又明显低于对照组,差异有显著性(p＜0.05).10、50、100 mg·kg-1Bcl-2表达量没有明显的变化,最高浓度组时明显低于对照组(p＜0.05).结果显示,铅在高浓度时可严重损害肝细胞结构,在低浓度时可诱导小鼠肝组织中p53和bax基因表达上调,这可能与铅诱导细胞凋亡作用有关.     

铁铜双金属有机骨架MIL-101(Fe,Cu)活化双氧水降解染料性能

针对非均相芬顿传质效率低和Fe(Ⅲ)→Fe(Ⅱ)转化慢导致活性低等问题,采用溶剂热法制备铁铜双金属有机骨架材料[MIL-101(Fe,Cu)],并研究了材料界面性质、催化降解染料(亚甲基蓝)性能以及活化催化机制.结果表明,MIL-101(Fe,Cu)晶体结构完整且呈三维八面体形状;比表面积和平均孔径分别为667.2 m²·g^-1和1.9 nm,可充分暴露反应活性位点.MIL-101(Fe,Cu)在广谱p H范围可活化H₂O₂高效降解亚甲基蓝.当p H=5、反应20 min,MIL-101(Fe,Cu)/H₂O₂对20mg·L^-1亚甲基蓝的去除率为100%,较MIL-101(Fe)/H₂O₂和单独H₂O₂分别提高43.1%和88.9%.自由基猝灭实验与反应前后铁和铜价态变化结果表明,羟基自由基(·OH)是MIL-101(Fe,Cu)/H_2<...     

MIL-101前体制备多孔铁碳材料构建高效异相电芬顿体系

通过水热法合成MIL-101(Fe)材料,并在N2氛围中进行高温碳化制备多孔铁碳(N-MIL-FeC)电极材料,探究其电催化氧还原性能及阴极电芬顿降解模拟染料废水性能。将制备的N-MIL-FeC材料进行电催化氧还原反应(ORR)性能测试,结果表明,Fe/H2BDC摩尔比为2∶1,碳化温度为900 ℃,N-MIL-FeC材料CV扫描所得图形峰电位最小且峰电流最高,具有最优的ORR催化活性。在此基础上,将最佳条件下制得的N-MIL-FeC负载在碳纸上制成催化阴极应用于电芬顿反应催化降解模拟染料废水RhB。在催化剂负载量为1.5 mg·cm-2,pH为7条件下,浓度10 mg·L-1的RhB溶液经过70 min降解率达到99%以上。通过淬灭实验和电子顺磁共振(EPR)测试证明羟基自由基(·OH)是参与催化降解反应的主要活性中间体。以MIL-101(Fe)为前驱体制备的多孔铁碳材料性能较好,有一定的应用前景。     

Perceived barriers to and drivers of community participation in protected‐area governance

Protected areas (PAs) are a frequently used conservation strategy, yet their socioeconomic impacts on local communities remain contentious. A shift toward increased participation by local communities in PA governance seeks to deliver benefits for human well‐being and biodiversity. Although participation is considered critical to the success of PAs, few researchers have investigated individuals’ decisions to participate and what this means for how local people experience the costs and benefits of conservation. We explored who participates in PA governance associations and why; the perceived benefits and costs to participation; and how costs and benefits are distributed within and between communities. Methods included 3 focus groups, 37 interviews, and 217 questionnaire surveys conducted in 3 communities and other stakeholders (e.g., employees of a nongovernmental organization and government officials) in PA governance in Madagascar. Our study design was grounded in the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the most commonly applied behavior model in social psychology. Participation in PA governance was limited by miscommunication and lack of knowledge about who could get involved and how. Respondents perceived limited benefits and high costs and uneven distribution of these within and between communities. Men, poorer households, and people in remote villages reported the highest costs. Our findings illustrate challenges related to comanagement of PAs: understanding the heterogeneous nature of communities; ensuring all households are represented in governance participation; understanding differences in the meaning of forest protection; and targeting interventions to reach households most in need to avoid elite capture.     

A spatial approach to combatting wildlife crime

Poaching can have devastating impacts on animal and plant numbers, and in many countries has reached crisis levels, with illegal hunters employing increasingly sophisticated techniques. We used data from an 8‐year study in Savé Valley Conservancy, Zimbabwe, to show how geographic profiling—a mathematical technique originally developed in criminology and recently applied to animal foraging and epidemiology—can be adapted for use in investigations of wildlife crime. The data set contained information on over 10,000 incidents of illegal hunting and the deaths of 6,454 wild animals. We used a subset of data for which the illegal hunters’ identities were known. Our model identified the illegal hunters’ home villages based on the spatial locations of the hunting incidences (e.g., snares). Identification of the villages was improved by manipulating the probability surface inside the conservancy to reflect the fact that although the illegal hunters mostly live outside the conservancy, the majority of hunting occurs inside the conservancy (in criminology terms, commuter crime). These results combined with rigorous simulations showed for the first time how geographic profiling can be combined with GIS data and applied to situations with more complex spatial patterns, for example, where landscape heterogeneity means some parts of the study area are less likely to be used (e.g., aquatic areas for terrestrial animals) or where landscape permeability differs (e.g., forest bats tend not to fly over open areas). More broadly, these results show how geographic profiling can be used to target antipoaching interventions more effectively and more efficiently and to develop management strategies and conservation plans in a range of conservation scenarios.     

Considering connections between Hollywood and biodiversity conservation

Cinema offers a substantial opportunity to share messages with a wide audience. However, there is little research or evidence about the potential benefits and risks of cinema for conservation. Given their global reach, cinematic representations could be important in raising awareness of conservation issues and species of concern, as well as encouraging greater audience engagement due to their heightened emotional impact on viewers. Yet there are also risks associated with increased exposure, including heightened visitor pressure to environmentally sensitive areas or changes to consumer demand for endangered species. Conservationists can better understand and engage with the film industry by studying the impact of movies on audience awareness and behavior, identifying measurable impacts on conservation outcomes, and engaging directly with the movie industry, for example, in an advisory capacity. This improved understanding and engagement can harness the industry's potential to enhance the positive impacts of movies featuring species, sites, and issues of conservation concern and to mitigate any negative effects. A robust evidence base for evaluating and planning these engagements, and for informing related policy and management decisions, needs to be built.     

Exceptional responders in conservation

Conservation operates within complex systems with incomplete knowledge of the system and the interventions utilized. This frequently results in the inability to find generally applicable methods to alleviate threats to Earth's vanishing wildlife. One approach used in medicine and the social sciences has been to develop a deeper understanding of positive outliers. Where such outliers share similar characteristics, they may be considered exceptional responders. We devised a 4‐step framework for identifying exceptional responders in conservation: identification of the study system, identification of the response structure, identification of the threshold for exceptionalism, and identification of commonalities among outliers. Evaluation of exceptional responders provides additional information that is often ignored in randomized controlled trials and before–after control‐intervention experiments. Interrogating the contextual factors that contribute to an exceptional outcome allow exceptional responders to become valuable pieces of information leading to unexpected discoveries and novel hypotheses.     

Quantifying species recovery and conservation success to develop an IUCN Green List of Species

Stopping declines in biodiversity is critically important, but it is only a first step toward achieving more ambitious conservation goals. The absence of an objective and practical definition of species recovery that is applicable across taxonomic groups leads to inconsistent targets in recovery plans and frustrates reporting and maximization of conservation impact. We devised a framework for comprehensively assessing species recovery and conservation success. We propose a definition of a fully recovered species that emphasizes viability, ecological functionality, and representation; and use counterfactual approaches to quantify degree of recovery. This allowed us to calculate a set of 4 conservation metrics that demonstrate impacts of conservation efforts to date (conservation legacy); identify dependence of a species on conservation actions (conservation dependence); quantify expected gains resulting from conservation action in the medium term (conservation gain); and specify requirements to achieve maximum plausible recovery over the long term (recovery potential). These metrics can incentivize the establishment and achievement of ambitious conservation targets. We illustrate their use by applying the framework to a vertebrate, an invertebrate, and a woody and an herbaceous plant. Our approach is a preliminary framework for an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Green List of Species, which was mandated by a resolution of IUCN members in 2012. Although there are several challenges in applying our proposed framework to a wide range of species, we believe its further development, implementation, and integration with the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species will help catalyze a positive and ambitious vision for conservation that will drive sustained conservation action.