Estimating bulk optical properties of aerosols over the western North Pacific by using MODIS and CERES measurements

Over the western North Pacific, a large amount of land aerosols from Asian-Pacific countries is transported by the prevailing westerlies. This transport makes the radiative characteristics of these aerosols diverse, particularly when one compares those characteristics over the coastal sea with those over the open sea. In this paper we discuss a method that uses satellite data to obtain the single-scattering albedo (ω) and asymmetry factor (g) of atmospheric aerosols for two large-scale subdivisions—the coastal sea (within 250 km from the coast) and the open sea (the remaining area)—over the western North Pacific (110°E–180°, 20°N–50°N). Our estimation method uses satellite measurements, obtained over a six-year period (2000–2005), of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and shortwave fluxes at both the surface and the top of the atmosphere (TOA); the measurements are obtained using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES). For the two subdivisions, the estimated annual means of (ω,g) at 630 nm are significantly different: (0.94, 0.65) over the coastal sea and (0.97, 0.70) over the open sea. From a quantitative viewpoint, this result indicates that in comparison with aerosols over the open sea, those over the coastal sea show greater absorption and lesser forward scattering of solar radiation. The estimated optical properties are responsible for the aerosol surface cooling observed by MODIS and CERES, which is approximately 138 and 108 W m⁻² per AOD over the coastal sea and open sea, respectively.     

基于MODIS的烟台近海水体叶绿素浓度分布

利用实测光谱数据及水体叶绿素浓度数据建立了基于MODIS数据的叶绿素反演模型,并利用MODIS L1B数据对研究区的叶绿素浓度进行了反演。通过分析烟台近海水体叶绿素浓度分布得出,烟台近海水体叶绿素浓度由沿岸向海延伸,叶绿素的浓度逐渐增加;通过不同月份的叶绿素浓度分布状况发现,夏季水体叶绿素浓度含量最高,冬季最低。     

无锡市MODIS气溶胶光学厚度与PM_(2.5)质量浓度的相关性分析

将MODIS数据反演得出的气溶胶光学厚度与无锡市区实测得到的PM2.5质量浓度进行相关性分析,结果两者的直接相关性较低,相关系数为0.283 4。气溶胶光学厚度经垂直分布和湿度修正后,两者相关性显著提高,相关系数为0.565 9。虽然修正过程存在误差,相关性未达预期程度,但该方法得到的气溶胶光学厚度可作为PM2.5监测的有效补充。     

基于MODIS的华东地区气溶胶光学厚度时空变化特征分析

选用2001年1月-2015年12月MODIS数据,运用线性趋势等方法研究华东地区气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的变化特征及影响因素。结果表明,2001-2015年华东地区AOD平均值变化范围在0.4~0.7之间,且呈现递减趋势。山东省西部、安徽省北部及江苏省AOD相对较高;福建省、浙江省南部及江西省南部地区AOD较低。华东地区气溶胶最低值出现在12月,最高值出现在6月;虽然冬季AOD变化趋势增长较高,但最高值仍出现在夏季。AOD主要受地形、NDVI、风速及人类活动等因素的影响,地形、NDVI、风速均与AOD呈负相关。     

运用MODIS数据反演洪湖叶绿素a含量业务可行性分析

洪湖是湖北省最大的湖泊,具有调蓄、灌溉、供水、渔业、物种保护、航运、旅游等多种功能,是长江中下游典型的大型浅水型湖泊。传统的设点监测费力、费时,随着遥感技术和手段的进步,遥感反演洪湖叶绿素a浓度成为技术上可能。利用2005年至2010年6年监测数据与同期MODIS数据进行统计分析,研究业务上进行洪湖叶绿素a含量反演的可能性,结果表明：当叶绿素a含量比较高时,它成为影响湖中NDVI指数的主要因素,当浓度较低时,它与NDVI指数相关性差,表明它不是主要要素;通过分析不同时段两者统计关系结果为：12～2月因藻类浓度比较小,叶绿素a浓度低,加上其它要素干扰湖中NDVI指数,监测数据与同期MODIS数据中NDVI指数相关性比较低（也是极显著相关）,其它时间都有较好的相关性（相关系数都高于085）,研究表明：运用MODIS数据中的NDVI指数能准确监测洪湖叶绿素a含量。并提出相应的业务处理流程与方法     

西安市及周边地区MODIS气溶胶光学厚度与PM10浓度关系模型研究简

西安是空气污染监控和防治有代表性的西部大型城市。研究了西安市及周边地区上空气溶胶光学厚度与PM₁₀浓度的关系模型。利用2011—2012年MODIS卫星气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）遥感产品,通过数据匹配,利用地面气象观测站点的能见度数据和相对湿度数据对AOD产品进行垂直标高订正和湿度订正,2项订正显著提高了AOD和地面PM₁₀浓度的相关性,相关系数从0.36提高到0.65,按季节分类统计和订正春至冬四季的相关系数分别为0.57、0.71、0.62和0.87,夏季和冬季的订正更为有效,可用性更高,这可能由于受到不同季节气溶胶来源和特征的影响。为研究中国西部大型城市,特别是西安市空气环境监测和区域联防联控提供了一种有效方法。     

Vegetation Mapping for Change Detection on an Arid-Zone River

A vegetation mapping system for change detection was tested at the Havasu National Wildlife Refuge (HNWR) on the Lower Colorado River. A low-cost, aerial photomosaic of the 4200 ha, study area was constructed utilizing an automated digital camera system, supplemented with oblique photographs to aid in determining species composition and plant heights. Ground-truth plots showed high accuracy in distinguishing native cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and willow (Salix gooddingii) trees from other vegetation on aerial photos. Marsh vegetation (mainly cattails, Typha domengensis) was also easily identified. However, shrubby terrestrial vegetation, consisting of saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima), arrowweed (Pluchea sericea), and mesquite trees (Prosopis spp.), could not be accurately distinguished from each other and were combined into a single shrub layer on the final vegetation map. The final map took the form of a base, shrub and marsh layer, which was displayed as a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index map from a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) image to show vegetation intensity. Native willow and cottonwood trees were digitized manually on the photomosaic and overlain on the shrub layer in a GIS. By contrast to present, qualitative mapping systems used on the Lower Colorado River, this mapping system provides quantitative information that can be used for accurate change detection. However, better methods to distinguish between saltcedar, mesquite, and arrowweed are needed to map the shrub layer.     

基于遥感估产的2006—2015年青海果洛与玉树地区草畜平衡分析

三江源区草地资源丰富,开展草畜平衡研究,可为草原环境保护和区域经济可持续发展提供决策支持。论文以青海省果洛藏族自治州和玉树藏族自治州作为研究区,基于产草量反演和载畜量计算,结合草畜平衡指数和草地载畜压力指数两大指标开展草畜平衡分析。结果表明：2006—2013年两自治州的平均草畜平衡指数自47.1%变化至-13.8%,草畜平衡状况整体在不断改善,2014—2015年超载情况有所加重;相比于果洛藏族自治州的年均草畜平衡指数为38.15%,玉树藏族自治州的年均草畜平衡指数为33.51%,草畜平衡状况较好。建议两地区有关部门加强规划和政策调控,按照“以草定畜”的原则加强草畜平衡精细化管理,并以大数据驱动草畜平衡决策支持信息化建设。     

北疆地区MODIS 3km气溶胶光学厚度与PM10质量浓度的相关性分析

利用2016年MODIS 3 km分辨率的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)日产品、PM_(10)质量浓度以及相关气象数据,开展了北疆地区AOD与PM_(10)质量浓度的相关性分析.结果表明,AOD与PM_(10)质量浓度的直接相关程度较低,相关系数仅为0.294.对比分析了利用能见度数据对AOD进行垂直订正,然后再用相对湿度数据对其进行二次订正(AOD垂直-湿度订正)和利用能见度数据对AOD进行垂直订正和相对湿度数据对PM_(10)质量浓度进行订正(AOD垂直订正-PM_(10)湿度订正)两种订正方法,结果指出"AOD垂直订正-PM_(10)湿度订正"可显著提高二者之间的相关性.订正之后,北疆地区AOD与PM_(10)质量浓度的相关系数达到0.755,呈显著正相关;阿勒泰的订正效果最好,相关系数为0.837.最后,基于垂直订正后的AOD和湿度订正后PM_(10)建立两者之间的最优拟合模型,并利用新建的模型反演了北疆地区PM_(10)质量浓度.反演得到的PM_(10)质量浓度与经过湿度订正后PM_(10)呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.688;昌吉和伊宁的反演效果最好,相关系数分别为0.910和0.829.本研究结果表明MODIS 3 km AOD产品经过垂直和湿度订正后,可作为北疆地区监测PM_(10)质量浓度的一个有效手段.     

Long-Term Observation of Asian Dust in Changchun and Kagoshima

Monitoring of Asian dust at two stations in Changchun, Jilin Province in northeast China, and Kagoshima, southwest Japan, is discussed. In Changchun, interval records were made with digital and video cameras from 18 March 2003. In Kagoshima, a web camera system to monitor volcanic clouds has been working since December 2000, which also provides data for studies of dust. A heavy dust episode on 11 November 2002, affecting both stations, was detected using 11 and 12 μm channels of NOAA/AVHRR. We observed dust in Changchun on 26 March, 7, 14–16 April, 1–2, 8, 10, 19 May, 8, 23 June, and 12 July in 2003. The observed images corresponded well to NOAA/AVHRR imagery and with 8.6, 11 and 12 μm Terra/MODIS results, although conditions were too cloudy for satellite verification in some cases.