珊瑚钨锡矿硅质尾矿中Cd、As、Zn、F富集迁移及环境污染

硅质尾矿在释放中性矿山废水(NMD)时所伴生的多元素复合污染问题值得重视。本文以桂东北珊瑚矿尾矿作为研究对象,通过分析该尾矿的组构、元素富集及迁移特性,筛选出主要污染元素,并探讨尾矿胶结层对元素富集迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)该尾矿中Cd、As、Zn及F富集程度较高、可交换态含量(易迁移释放量)较大,是主要的污染元素,而Cu、Pb、Tl产生污染的可能性较小;(2)胶结层对重金属具有再富集作用,但其对可交换态Cd、As(Tl)再富集明显,而对可交换态Cu、Pb、Zn再富集则不明显。胶结层中次生伊利石、石膏等胶结物趋向于吸附富集活性可交换态Cd、As。这表明该尾矿可能迁移释放出含Cd、As浓度较高的NMD。研究表明,硅质尾矿风化释出NMD的同时,可能伴生Cd、As、Zn等重金属以及F的复合污染。     

Combined effects of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration on Cd and Zn accumulation dynamics in Triticum aestivum L.

A simulated climate warming experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of elevated temperature and CO_2 concentration on the bioaccumulation,translocation and subcellular distributions of Cd and Zn in wheat seedlings(Triticum aestivum L.cv.Xihan 1.) at Dingxi,Gansu Province,China.The objective was to find evidence that global climate change is affecting the bioaccumulation of Cd and Zn in T.aestivum L.cv.Xihan 1.The results showed that compared to control A,elevated temperature and CO_2 increased Cd bioaccumulation in the shoots by 1.4–2.5 times,and increased that in the roots by 1.2–1.5times,but decreased Zn levels in wheat shoots by 1.4–2.0 times,while decreased that in the roots by 1.6–1.9 times.Moreover,temperature and CO_2 concentration increase also led to increased Cd concentration,and decreased Zn concentration in subcellular compartments of wheat seedlings.The largest Cd concentration increase(174.4%) was observed in the cell wall and debris fractions of shoots after they were subjected to the highest CO_2 and temperature treatment(TC3).The largest Zn concentration decrease(53.1%) was observed in the soluble(F3) fractions of shoots after they were subjected to the medium CO_2 and temperature treatment(TC2).The temperature and CO_2 increase had no significant effect on the proportional distribution of Cd and Zn in the subcellular fractions.The root-to-shoot translocation of Cd increased with the increasing temperature and CO_2 concentration.However,the Zn distributions only fluctuated within a small range.     

一次沙尘事件对沿海及海洋大气气溶胶中金属粒径分布的影响

于2016年3~4月在青岛、东海及西北太平洋连续采集了气溶胶分级样品,测定了样品中Al、Na、Fe、Mg、K、Cu、Pb、Cd等金属元素的浓度,分析了沙尘事件下气溶胶中金属元素的粒径分布特征,并初步讨论了气溶胶中金属来源及影响因素.结果表明,受此次沙尘事件影响青岛近岸样品中Al、Fe、K、Na、Cu、Pb的浓度增加了85%~1400%,而金属Cd浓度降低8%;海洋样品中Al、Fe、K、Cu、Pb、Cd浓度增加了163%~4580%,而Na浓度降低62%.沙尘对气溶胶中金属元素的粒径分布影响显著,青岛近岸和海洋气溶胶中K由双模态分布变为粗模态分布;Pb、Cd由细模态分布变为双模态分布;Cu仍呈双模态分布,但粗颗粒上的占比增加;Al、Fe、Mg、Na则保持粗模态分布.沙尘事件对近岸与海洋样品的影响不同,青岛近岸沙尘气溶胶中Al、Fe、Mg、Na、K的峰值粒径位于2.1~3.3 μm,而海洋样品的峰值向粗粒径移动至3.3~4.7 μm;沙尘影响下近岸气溶胶中Al、Fe、Mg、Na、K、Pb、Cd在粗颗粒上的占比下降了1%~35%,而东海样品中这些金属的粗粒子占比上升了4%~33%,可能与吸湿增长以及沙尘的传输路径和高度有关.     

土壤锌、铜、铁、锰形态区分方法的选择

用化学连续提取的方法将土壤中的锌、铜、铁、锰依结合状态区分为交换态、碳酸盐结合态(石灰性土壤)、氧化锰结合态、有机结合态、无定形氧化铁结合态、晶形氧化铁结合态和硅铝酸盐矿物态.初步认为选定的形态及提取方法适于土壤中锌、铜、铁、锰等元素的研究.     

表生稀土矿区土壤中稀土元素的吸附特征

研究了赣南典型表生稀土矿区土壤中稀土元素的吸附特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明，稀土元素（Ｌａ，Ｙｂ）的吸附过程符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ和Ｆｒｅｎｄｌｉｅｃｈ等温方程，稀土绵吸附以可交换吸附为主，ＰＨ值是影响土壤中稀土元素吸附的极重要因素，随着ＰＨ值的增加，稀土吸附量增加，土壤去除有机质后，对稀土的吸附量下降约７．６％；去游离氧化铁后，稀土元素的吸附量增长７．４％，不同阴离子条件下，土壤对稀土元素的吸附     

La3+、Yb3+在土壤和矿物中的吸附特征及其环境意义

实验研究了轻稀土镧离子Ｌａ~３＋和重稀土镱离子Ｙｂ~３＋在赣南稀上矿区的土壤及风化次生矿物中的吸附特性，结果表明，土壤和矿物对稀土元素的吸附过程符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ和Ｆｒｅｎｄｌｉｃｈ等温吸附方程，ｐＨ值是影响吸附作用的主要因素。随着ｐＨ值的变化，Ｌａ~３＋和Ｙｂ~３＋在土壤和次生矿物上的吸附能力也发生变化。Ｌａ~３＋与Ｙｂ~３＋在土壤和次生矿物中的吸附等势点ｐＨ值分别为６．２６和５．２８．在等势点ｐＨ值以下，Ｌａ~３＋的吸附势大于Ｙｂ~３＋；在等势点ｐＨ值以上，Ｙｂ~３＋的吸附势相对较高。土壤和次生矿物对轻、重稀土元素的吸附特征以及对稀士元素的分布、分异、成矿和生态效应具有重要意义。     

Active moss biomonitoring of trace elements with Sphagnum girgensohnii moss bags in relation to atmospheric bulk deposition in Belgrade, Serbia

Active biomonitoring with wet and dry moss bags was used to examine trace element atmospheric deposition in the urban area of Belgrade. The element accumulation capability of Sphagnum girgensohnii Russow was tested in relation to atmospheric bulk deposition. Moss bags were mounted for five 3-month periods (July 2005-October 2006) at three representative urban sites. For the same period monthly bulk atmospheric deposition samples were collected. The concentrations of Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb were determined by instrumental neutron activation analyses and atomic absorption spectrometry. Significant accumulation of most elements occurred in the exposed moss bags compared with the initial moss content. High correlations between the elements in moss and bulk deposits were found for V, Cu, As, and Ni. The enrichment factors of the elements for both types of monitor followed the same pattern at the corresponding sites.     

盛夏一次区域性强沙尘暴天气个例分析

利用常规气象观测资料,对2005年7月17日发生在甘肃省河西走廊近20年最强的一次区域性夏季强沙尘暴天气过程从气候成因、天气形势和动力诊断等方面进行了分析探讨,并对天气现象发生前后期地面气象要素的变化进行了研究。结果表明,这次强沙尘暴天气是在河西走廊地区长时间极端干旱的气候背景下,新疆冷空气分裂东移南下,配合本地极有利的热力不稳定层结条件,锋面过境引发了大风沙尘暴天气。沙尘暴发生前后期温度、气压、相对湿度等气象要素有显著性突变。     

赣南富稀土矿区农田土壤中稀土元素的环境化学特征

选择江西赣县大田稀土矿区,研究了矿区耕作农田土壤中稀土元素的含量、分布及赋存形态特征。结果表明,该区土壤中稀土元素含量明显高于对照区和全国土壤平均含量,且相对富含重稀土元素。土壤中稀土元素的分布模式受成土母岩及元素性质控制,呈现Eu和Ce负异常。稀土元素主要以可交换态和有机结合态（特别是松结有机态）形式存在,具有较高的活性和生物有效性,可能影响生态环境安全。     

北京市大气气溶胶中金属元素的粒径分布和垂直分布

于2004年9月分别在北京325m气象塔的8m,80m和240m处利用Andersen分级采样器同步进行了大气气溶胶采样.样品中金属元素用电感耦合等离子体/质谱仪(ICP/MS)进行了分析.结果表明,Ca,Fe,Al,Mg,Ba,Sr和Zr在3.3-5.8μm的粒径范围出现峰值,K,Pb,As和Cd在0.65-1.1μm的粒径范围出现峰值,Zn,Sn,Cu和Ni在0.65-1.1μm和3.3-5.8μm的粒径范围出现双峰; Na,Mn,V在各粒径分布比较均匀.Al,Ca,Fe和Mg等地壳元素的浓度在80m处达到最大值,K,Pb和As等污染源排放的元素的浓度垂直分布比较均匀.