Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.     

北京市海淀区NO_2污染特征及气象要素关系分析研究

利用2006年-2009年北京市环境保护局海淀区香山站、万柳站和北部新区站的NO2资料和相对应的气象资料,对NO2的污染特征进行分析发现:NO2浓度达到三级的日数平均为5 d,呈逐年减少的趋势。NO2超标日分布在1-4月和10-12月,浓度峰值在上午10:00和19:00-23:00,谷值在上午7:00时,且节假日NO2浓度略高于工作日。通过相关分析,NO2的浓度随温度、风速、气压、降水量的增高而降低,随相对湿度的升高而升高,且偏南风易造成污染。     

广州旱季双高污染及消光系数垂直分布特征

利用2017年12月6日～2018年1月3日地面常规气象资料、空气质量6参数、光化辐射资料、气溶胶吸收和散射系数、单次散射反照率、激光雷达反演的气溶胶消光系数与退偏比数据,分析广州地区气象参数变化对污染物浓度的影响和气溶胶对光化辐射的衰减,研究双高(高气溶胶与高O3)污染的形成机理,并从垂直角度探究了双高日边界层内消光...     

张家口市北新屯地区蔬菜种植区锗元素富集特征及成因分析

选取张家口市北新屯地区蔬菜种植基地为研究区,分为重点区和区域范围以及上游地区,共采集表层土壤样品132件,垂向土壤剖面16条,地表剖面3组,彩椒果实、紫甘蓝果实和玉米果实样品各4件,在分析土壤、岩石和作物样品的Sc、 Cr、 Mo、 Cd、 V、 Zn、 Sr、 Pb、 Co、 Ni、 Cu、 Ge和REE等元素基础上,通过所参照的锗富集标准,发现区域富锗率不高(19.7%),而重点区富锗率较高(52%).区域范围和重点区土壤中Ge与稀土元素呈现较为明显的空间分布一致性,进一步对比土壤与作物中Ge和稀土元素相关性特征发现,稀土含量排序为：紫甘蓝>彩椒>玉米,而Ge吸收强度排序为：玉米(微弱吸收)>紫甘蓝(极弱吸收)>彩椒(极弱吸收),作物对Ge和稀土元素的吸收并没有明显的协同性.通过对研究区土壤28种元素和指标的PMF和RDA分析表明,区域Ge的来源以天然地质背景因素为主(66.3%),人为活动影响因素(27%)和大气干湿沉降因素(6.7%)为辅,重点区Ge的来源以天然地质背景因素(33.8%)和人为活动影响因素(27.2%)为主,大气干湿沉降因素(18.5%)...     

水盐环境对黄河口淡水湿地土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征的影响

碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)是土壤重要的营养元素,其生态化学计量特征可以反映土壤供肥能力和质量状况,在揭示生态系统稳态机制中具有重要作用.水盐环境对河口湿地生态化学计量特征具有重要影响,但土壤C、 N、 P生态化学计量特征对水盐环境变化的响应仍不清楚.以黄河口湿地为研究对象,采用土柱移位培养法,将淡水湿地土壤分别移位至不同潮滩部位(高潮滩、中潮滩和低潮滩)的盐沼湿地,研究水盐环境对C、 N、 P生态化学计量特征的影响.结果表明,移位23个月后,淡水湿地土壤含水量(SWC)和电导率(EC)与C、 N、 P生态化学计量特征均发生了不同程度的变化.土壤SWC在高潮滩和中潮滩降低(P<0.05),在低潮滩升高(P<0.05); EC在3种潮滩上均有不同程度的升高(P<0.05).土壤有机碳(TOC)和全氮(TN)在高潮滩显著降低(P<0.05),全磷(TP)则在中潮滩和高潮滩显著降低(P<0.05); C∶N在高潮滩和中潮滩及C∶P和N∶P在高潮滩显著降低(P<0.05); C、 N、 P生态化学计量比在低潮滩变化均不显著(P>0.05).水盐环境主要...     

Maintenance-related major accidents: Classification of causes and case study

The potential for major accidents is inherent in most industries that handle or store hazardous substances, for e.g. the hydrocarbon and chemical process industries. Several major accidents have been experienced over the past three decades. Flixborough Disaster (1974), Seveso Disaster (1976), Alexander Kielland Disaster (1980), Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984), Sandoz Chemical Spill (1986), Piper Alpha Disaster (1988), Philips 66 Disaster (1989), Esso Longford Gas Explosion (1998), Texas City Refinery Explosion (2005), and most recently the Macondo Blowout (2010) are a few examples of accidents with devastating consequences.Causes are being exposed over time, but in recent years maintenance influence tends to be given less attention. However, given that some major accidents are maintenance-related, we intend to concentrate on classifying them to give a better insight into the underlying and contributing causes.High degree of technological and organizational complexity are attributes of these industries, and in order to control the risk, it is common to deploy multiple and independent safety barriers whose integrity cannot be maintained without adequate level of maintenance. However, maintenance may have a negative effect on barrier performance if the execution is incorrect, insufficient, delayed, or excessive. Maintenance can also be the triggering event.The objectives of this article are: (1) To investigate how maintenance impacts the occurrence of major accidents, and (2) To develop classification schemes for causes of maintenance-related major accidents.The paper builds primarily on model-based and empirical approaches, the latter being applied to reports on accident investigation and analysis. Based on this, the Work and Accident Process (WAP) classification scheme was proposed in the paper.     

成都市雾霾期间气象要素与环境空气质量状况的对比分析

成都市2013年1月8日～ 20日期间出现了大范围的连续雾霾天气,环境空气质量持续超标.本文收集了该时间段连续5年的地面气象观测资料及环境空气质量数据,通过统计、对比等方式对其变化规律进行了初步分析,为雾霾的成因分析和大气污染控制提供参考.     

An evaluation of risk assessment framework for industrial accidents in India

Due to rapid industrialization, with high population density and constraints of land, it is expected that level of risks arising from the hazardous industries will increase in India in the coming decades. However, 30 years after the Bhopal accident (1984), except a few discrete regulations, there is as yet no integrated system for assessing and managing risks arising out of these hazardous industries in India. The gravity of aspects related to the management of industrial risk still remains crucially important. In particular, there is no standard guideline on risk analysis methodology, acceptability or tolerability criteria, nor is there an accident database or a risk reduction strategy for the areas where risk levels are already high. On top of this, there are technical and legislative gaps in the institutional framework to implement any of the above mentioned issues. With the backdrop of the Bhopal gas tragedy, the objective of this paper is therefore to evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive risk assessment framework for the emerging economy of India, in order to control and/or to reduce the risk level that exists. In this context, regulations and policies pertaining to industrial risk assessment were reviewed.     

Combined effects of elevated temperature and CO2 concentration on Cd and Zn accumulation dynamics in Triticum aestivum L.

A simulated climate warming experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of elevated temperature and CO_2 concentration on the bioaccumulation,translocation and subcellular distributions of Cd and Zn in wheat seedlings(Triticum aestivum L.cv.Xihan 1.) at Dingxi,Gansu Province,China.The objective was to find evidence that global climate change is affecting the bioaccumulation of Cd and Zn in T.aestivum L.cv.Xihan 1.The results showed that compared to control A,elevated temperature and CO_2 increased Cd bioaccumulation in the shoots by 1.4–2.5 times,and increased that in the roots by 1.2–1.5times,but decreased Zn levels in wheat shoots by 1.4–2.0 times,while decreased that in the roots by 1.6–1.9 times.Moreover,temperature and CO_2 concentration increase also led to increased Cd concentration,and decreased Zn concentration in subcellular compartments of wheat seedlings.The largest Cd concentration increase(174.4%) was observed in the cell wall and debris fractions of shoots after they were subjected to the highest CO_2 and temperature treatment(TC3).The largest Zn concentration decrease(53.1%) was observed in the soluble(F3) fractions of shoots after they were subjected to the medium CO_2 and temperature treatment(TC2).The temperature and CO_2 increase had no significant effect on the proportional distribution of Cd and Zn in the subcellular fractions.The root-to-shoot translocation of Cd increased with the increasing temperature and CO_2 concentration.However,the Zn distributions only fluctuated within a small range.     

EPA SW-846方法研究的十一个要素及启示

文章介绍了美国环保局(EPA)固体废物办公室对开展新方法研究工作的程序规定,着重阐述了方法研究所要遵循的十一个要素的内容。对于我国的方法研究工作具有一定的启示作用。