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571.
Wang J 《Journal of Safety Research》2002,33(1):81-115
PROBLEM: Tragic marine and offshore accidents have caused serious consequences including loss of lives, loss of property, and damage of the environment. METHOD: A proactive, risk-based "goal setting" regime is introduced to the marine and offshore industries to increase the level of safety. DISCUSSION: To maximize marine and offshore safety, risks need to be modeled and safety-based decisions need to be made in a logical and confident way. Risk modeling and decision-making tools need to be developed and applied in a practical environment. SUMMARY: This paper describes both the offshore safety case approach and formal safety assessment of ships in detail with particular reference to the design aspects. The current practices and the latest development in safety assessment in both the marine and offshore industries are described. The relationship between the offshore safety case approach and formal ship safety assessment is described and discussed. Three examples are used to demonstrate both the offshore safety case approach and formal ship safety assessment. The study of risk criteria in marine and offshore safety assessment is carried out. The recommendations on further work required are given. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This paper gives safety engineers in the marine and offshore industries an overview of the offshore safety case approach and formal ship safety assessment. The significance of moving toward a risk-based "goal setting" regime is given. 相似文献
572.
Policy, Principle, and Practice in Industrial Pollution Control: Views from the Regulatory Interface
There has been much criticism of the system for the control of industrial pollution, but not much is known about the views
of the regulators and the industry. The objective of this study was to explore the attitudes at this regulatory interface
towards the current and proposed regulatory system and make recommendations for improvements. The methodology involved a questionnaire
survey sent to over 700 key personnel. Statistical analysis revealed similarities and significant differences between the
views of industry and the regulator on the effectiveness of the current regime. Weaknesses related to the derivation and enforcement
of standards were identified. The Environmental Quality Standards system was acknowledged to be flawed by both operators and
regulators who agreed it should be improved by the expansion of listed chemicals, the introduction of sediment environmental
quality standards and direct toxicity assessment of effluents. This paper concludes that these measures should be incorporated
into the regulatory system, together with more rigorous enforcement of environmental performance standards including serious
sanctions for non-compliance. In the longer term, a reappraisal of the regulatory system is required in order to establish
an appropriate framework to ensure that environmental policy commitments are implemented. 相似文献
573.
厌氧-好氧工艺在含油废水生化处理中的应用 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
(中国石油冀东油田分公司安全环保处)论述了厌氧-好氧(A/O)工艺的基本原理及工艺参数。该工艺在冀东油田两座废水处理站的应用结果表明,对废水中石油类物质、COD、硫化物去除效果明显。高一联合站及柳一联合站污水经处理后,石油类物质去除率分别为90.6%和96.0%;COD去除率分别为86.0%和91.6%;硫化物去除率分别为94.8%和98.2%,处理后的污水均达到一级排放标准。另外,采用厌氧-好氧工艺的成本相对较低,处理费用低于0.5元/m3。处理后的污水若回注地下,平均费用为4.7元/m3。 相似文献
574.
高浓度ABS树脂生产污水治理技术 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
ABS树脂生产装置中的污水处理一直是影响化工装置环保的一大难题。一方面,其废水水质差,悬浮物含量高,且多为细微颗粒,难以从水中分离,进入生化系统也难以去除;另一方面,污水中溶解性胶乳较多、粘性大,且为间歇式排放,对污水处理系统冲击较大。大庆石化总厂采取完善生产工艺操作过程、采用高效净水剂、对处理设备进行改进及对生产全过程进行污染控制等措施,并分阶段、分单元、分步骤地对污染源进行处理。采取这些措施后使ABS树脂生产中的废水得到了有效治理,处理后的ABS污水中CODcr含量在1000mg/L以下,悬浮物含量在500mg/L以下,石油类物质含量在30mg/L以下。处理装置的能耗、物耗也大幅度降低。 相似文献
575.
在总结和分析20年来我国化纤行业含氰废水处理经验的基础上,提出气浮-A/O(缺氧/好氧法)工艺用于含氰废水的处理,即将曝气池前端的曝气器关闭,在池内实行缺氧、好氧处理,曝气池后端好氧段的污泥经泵回流至前端的缺氧段。结果使总氮的去除率从43%提高到72%,磷的去除率从0提高到40%,COD的去除率也有不同程度提高,而能耗仅为原先的72%。 相似文献
576.
Hakan Basaiaoclu Ertürk Celenk Miguel A. Mariulo Nurinnisa Usul 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(2):455-464
ABSTRACT: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology is used to identify candidate sites for a solid waste disposal facility in the Gölbasi region of Turkey that has suffered from the negative impact of a current but poorly-located open-dump site on the environment. The municipality of Gölbasi has noticed its deleterious effect on the environment, and has thus decided to dismiss this open-dump site and search for new landfill sites. In this study, the procedure followed under a GIS framework rejects the unacceptable sites considering environmental factors exclusively, other than economic and political issues, contained in the form of multiple layers of attribute information to select the candidate sites for landfilling wastes through an overlay analysis performed by GIS software, ARC/INFO V 7.1. For the spatial data requirements of GIS, a number of thematic map layers (ground water, wetlands and swamp areas, surface water, roads, topographic contours, ecological features, settlements, erosion susceptibility zones, and soil type) are prepared in digital form. In this application, GIS is considered as a screening tool in a site selection process to narrow the number of candidate sites, subsequently leading to one or more sites for detailed investigation. Preliminary ranking for a group of potential sites is done on the basis of simple calculations coupled with on-site field studies. 相似文献
577.
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580.
F. G. Baker 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1978,14(1):144-156
Abstract: A model that incorportaes performace data about data about several wastewater management systems is discussed. From these data the excepted behavior of an individual wastewater system or group of systems can be product of the performace probabilities of its individual components. The modeel can be used on a regional scale facilitating land use planning by allowing accurate estimates of performance for a prospective wastewater management system. At this scale it can allow the impact evaluation of new wastewater technology on land use in a region. 相似文献