不同填充料污泥好氧堆肥的性质变化及腐熟度

对脱水污泥与4种填充料进行了好氧堆肥试验,温度、含水率、有机质、pH和电导率等参数的监测表明堆肥过程能顺利进行.通过研究化学指标水溶性有机碳、NO^-₃-N、NH⁺₄-N及生物学指标Cress发芽指数CI(Germina-tion Index)随时间的变化规律,发现NH⁺₄-N是影响生物学参数Cress发芽结果的重要因素,其含量变化与GI间具有较好的相关关系.本文提出NH⁺₄-N作为本堆肥工艺的腐熟度评价指标,腐熟堆肥的NH⁺₄-N含量范围为0.5～1.4mg/g,其变化与初始堆料有关.     

我国城市污泥的处置与利用

城市污水污泥产量巨大且成分复杂，如何对它进行合理利用已越来越受人们关注，若处置利用不当就不能够充分发挥其消除污染、保护环境的作用，也就明显地削弱了污水处理厂的净化功能。文章系统地综述了我国城市污泥处置与利用的现状和趋势，并重点讨论了污泥土地利用的可行性以及我国近年来的研究进展。认为将污泥进行稳定化、无害化、资源化处理并作为有机肥料或土壤改良剂进行土地利用是符合我国国情的，并将成为我国污泥处置与利用的一种有效途径。     

典型污染场地六六六残留特征分析

在历史上受某六六六(HCH)生产企业污染的场地采集土壤样品,分析和研究土壤中HCH的污染水平和污染分布趋势.结果表明,∑HCH值最大为271.72 mg·kg-1,HCH污染主要集中在表层(深度:0～20 cm)、亚表层(深度:20～40 cm)土壤,表层、亚表层土壤中HCH含量远高于深层(深度:40～150 cm)土壤中HCH含量;β-HCH含量最高,远高于其他3种异构体;通过Kriging法插值,画出表层土壤中∑HCH的等值线图,可清晰地看出HCH的分布趋势.本污染场地表层的硬化阻止了雨水的浸润作用,使HCH向下迁移缓慢,HCH含量随深度增加而降低,HCH污染深度较浅.     

北京市废弃物处理温室气体排放特征

基于《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》推荐的方法,结合《省级温室气体清单编制指南（试行）》和《城市温室气体核算工具指南》的部分数据与核算范围,针对固体废弃物填埋、焚烧和废水处理等过程,核算了北京市2005-2014年废弃物处理过程中温室气体总排放量。结果表明：2005-2014年北京市废弃物处理过程温室气体总排放量呈逐渐上升趋势,2014年温室气体总排放量比2005年增长98%。10年间,固体废弃物填埋过程一直是最主要的温室气体排放源,到2014年排放量达到最大,为416.3×10⁴t二氧化碳当量（CO₂e）。废弃物填埋、废水处理和废弃物焚烧过程占总排放量的比例分别为78.5%（CO₂e质量分数,下同）、13.5%和8%。结合已有研究,系统优化国内7个典型城市废弃物处理温室气体排放因子,核算7个城市排放情况,并对比分析了北京市排放情况。     

硫酸锰废渣的浸出毒性及无害化处理的研究

研究了硫酸锰废渣的主要金属元素组成及浸出毒性,并采用锰渣加石灰混合的方法进行无害化处理。结果表明,硫酸锰废渣浸出液中Mn和Cd含量超标,锰渣加石灰混合的方法能有效降低废渣的浸出毒性,锰渣与石灰的质量比为25∶2效果最佳。     

Evaluation of the possible adverse effects of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on the brown booby (Sula leucogaster) along the Brazilian coast

This study aimed to investigate the impact of contamination by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on Brazilian wildlife. The concentrations of certain POPs, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), in the eggs of the brown booby (Sula leucogaster) were measured. The eggs were collected from breeding colonies located on three archipelagos (Saint Peter and Saint Paul, Abrolhos and Cagarras Islands) in the Atlantic Ocean, which are located at different distances from the Brazilian coast (range 4-1010 km). In addition, possible alterations in eggshell characteristics were evaluated. The average values of POPs found in eggs from the archipelago of Saint Peter and Saint Paul (0.05 μg g⁻¹ of ΣPCBs and 0.01 μg g⁻¹ of ΣDDT) and the archipelago of Abrolhos (0.19 μg g⁻¹ of ΣPCBs and 0.03 μg g⁻¹ of ΣDDT) were low compared to the reference values reported in the literature. In contrast, the concentrations measured in eggs from Cagarras (8.4 μg g⁻¹ of ΣPCBs and 1.8 μg g⁻¹ of ΣDDT) were the highest, and this total PCB level is close to the threshold values considered to be harmful to birds. Our findings indicate that the brown booby colony closest to the Rio de Janeiro coast has recently been exposed to DDT. Despite the high pollution levels found on the Cagarras Islands, no alterations in the eggshell weight or the thickness of the analyzed eggs were detected. Hence, more detailed studies are recommended to determine the actual effects of the selected POPs on the Cagarras breeding colony.     

Dynamic modelling of aquatic exposure and pelagic food chain transfer of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in the Inner Oslofjord

The marine fate and pelagic food chain transfer of three cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMS: D4, D5 and D6) was explored in the Inner Oslofjord, Norway, using two dynamic models (the Oslofjord POP Model and the aquatic component of ACC-HUMAN). Predicted concentrations of D4, D5, and D6 in the water column were all less than current analytical detection limits, as was the predicted concentration of D4 in sediment (in agreement with measured data). The concentrations predicted for D5 and D6 in sediment were also in broad agreement with measured concentrations from the Inner Oslofjord. Volatilisation was predicted to be the most important loss mechanism for D5 and D6, whereas hydrolysis was predicted to dominate for D4. Concentrations of all three compounds in sediment are controlled by burial below the active mixed sediment layer. The marine food web model in ACC-HUMAN predicted “trophic dilution” of lipid-normalised cVMS concentrations between zooplankton and herring (Culpea harengus) and between herring and cod (Gadus morhua), principally due to a combination of in-fish metabolism and reduced gut absorption efficiency (as a consequence of high K_OW). Predicted D5 concentrations in herring and cod agree well with measured data from the inner fjord, particularly when measured concentrations in zooplankton were used to set the initial dissolved-phase aqueous concentrations. Predicted concentrations of D4 and D6 in fish were over- and under-estimated by the model – possibly due to extrapolation of the metabolism rate constant from D5.     

船舶大功率柴油机NOx排放控制技术的比较研究

在扼要地讨论了柴油机ＮＯｘ生成特性及其对环境的危害后，着重就燃油乳化、废气再循环、燃油－水分层喷射以及选择性催化还原法等船舶柴油机ＮＯｘ净化效果、对油耗率等因素进行了分析，并对其中主要净化技术的净化效果，投资费用和运行费用等进行了比较分析。     

典型电子废物集中处置场地及其周边土壤中多溴联苯的污染特征

采用快速溶剂萃取-凝胶净化-气相色谱质谱法（GC-MS）测定了浙江省台州市某典型电子废物集中处置场地及周边土壤中多溴联苯（polybrominatebiphenyls,PBBs）浓度,研究了10种PBBs（PBB-3、PBB-15、PBB-18、PBB-52、PBB-101、PBB-153、PBB-180、PBB-194、PBB～206和PBB-209）的浓度水平、组成特征和垂直分布规律。结果表明,处置场地及周边临近区域的PBBs污染程度相近,10种PBBs含量平均值分别为2．81×10^-3和2,50×10-1mg·kg-1,污染程度较轻,主要污染物为使用相对较多的PBB-153、PBB-194、PBB-206和PBB-209。PBBs含量的垂直分布规律表现为在〉40～60、0～20、〉20—40和〉60—80cm土层依次降低。PBB-209在10种PBBs中所占比例最高,在进行类似区域的PBBs监测时,可主要监测PBB-209含量,并用PBB-209含量乘以经验系数1．78来初步判断PBBs的污染状况。     

我国包装废物产生及回收现状分析

针对我国包装废物产生、回收、最终处置的各阶段现状进行调查和分析,主要对于我国现阶段塑料、纸制品和金属制品的包装产生消费量进行综合分析,并实地对居民生活小区零散个体回收者的包装废物回收量和包装废物再生企业包装废物原料回收渠道以及最终流入生活垃圾填埋场的包装废物含量进行了调研. 将包装废物产生量、回收量与最终处置量相比较的结果可以看出,现有回收体系对于部分包装废物回收效果较好,例如包装废物中PET聚酯瓶和金属罐的回收效果最好;而没有经济利益的塑料袋几乎完全没有得到回收再生,是回收工作的难点. 再进一步通过对复合包装再生企业和PET聚酯瓶再生企业的回收体系的实例分析,提出我国现存包装废物回收体系中存在的问题.