河湖底泥污染物释放影响因素及底泥处理的研究进展

结合国内外的研究,对温度、pH值、溶解氧等环境因素影响污染物释放的机制进行了综述。其中,温度的升高会促进底泥中氮磷的释放;随着溶解氧含量的增多,污染物越发不易释放;但pH值对底泥中的氮磷以及重金属的释放影响规律则各有不同。此外,结合国内外工程案例及试验研究,对污染底泥的治理技术进行了总结,分析了物理、化学和生物处理方法的利弊。联合处理方法则综合了多种方法的优点,具有良好的应用前景。     

Shared values for the marine environment – developing a culture of practice for marine spatial planning

Though still relatively new, the development of marine spatial planning has been based on the on the premise that as a rational planning process, it can be applied following universal principles and steps informed by land-based inspired theoretical underpinnings. However, within this process, differences between marine and terrestrial environments are being overlooked, potentially affecting the way in which the marine environment is understood and valued, and the development of a culture of practice for, and specific to, marine spatial planning. By framing planning as a cultural construct, this paper aims to explore the extent to which land-based rationales are affecting the development of a marine spatial planning culture of practice, with its own ethos and shared values. A culturalised planning model adapted from [Knieling, J. and Othengrafen, F. (2015). Planning culture—a concept to explain the evolution of planning policies and processes in Europe? European Planning Studies, 23(11), 2133–2147] is used as a framework. Whilst acknowledging the importance of the contributions from land-based planning and the ecological sciences, the findings suggest that those unconscious beliefs and perceptions affecting society’s understanding of the marine environment should contribute to informing shared values for marine spatial planning practice.     

IAEA programme on the quality of marine radioactivity data

Society's growing interest in environmental issues requires the production of reliable information for policy-makers, stakeholders and society in general. This information must be based on accurate data produced by qualified laboratories and data need to be comparable between numerous laboratories for joint assessments, e.g. in International Conventions. The Marine Environment Laboratories of the International Atomic Energy Agency has been providing Quality Assurance services to laboratories involved in marine radioactivity studies for the past 30 years. This has included training, organization of laboratory intercomparison exercises, production of Reference Materials (RMs) and more recently, production of Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) that comply with relevant ISO standards. Here, the overall process of Certification of Reference Materials is reviewed, past work summarized and future needs of marine radioactivity laboratories briefly discussed.     

臭氧氧化技术在环境科学中的应用

综述了臭氧氧化的作用机理和臭氧氧化技术在空气净化,固体处理中及水处理方面的研究及应用现状,并介绍了包括生物活性炭法(BAC)、臭氧-双氧水联用法(O3/H2O2)、光催化臭氧化法(O3/UV)等几种较先进的复合臭氧化处理工艺,指出臭氧与传统的氧化剂相比不仅可以避免产生有机氯化物,而且还具有能提高过滤速度,减少滤池数量,促进絮凝,减少絮凝池数量和絮凝剂用量,延长滤池使用时间,减少冲洗水耗量,提高水质水感等优点。     

日本海洋环境质量标准体系现状及启示

岛国日本一直致力于海洋资源开发和海洋环境保护,研究日本海洋环境保护政策的重要内容,环境质量标准体系,具有重要意义.根据日本海洋环境监测的实施状况,分析了日本海洋环境质量标准体系的构成,概述了其主要内容.目前日本的海洋环境质量标准体系由环境质量标准项目、标准限值、分析方法、监测方法、评价方法和表征方法等构成;并根据社会需要和科技发展不断调整,其监控要求、手段、监测频次和控制力度层次不同,体现了从防患于未然到国家严格控制的污染物监测管理的需要.     

氧化钙在污泥处置方面的探讨

介绍市政污泥的现状及氧化钙在污泥脱水处理中的应用,对氧化钙和污泥反应机理进行分析,并例举了工程实例。     

Washing treatment of automotive shredder residue (ASR)

Worldwide, the amount of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) reaches 50 million units per year. Once the ELV has been processed, it may then be shredded and sorted to recover valuable metals that are recycled in iron and steelmaking processes. The residual fraction, called automotive shredder residue (ASR), represents 25% of the ELV and is usually landfilled. In order to deal with the leachable fraction of ASR that poses a potential threat to the environment, a washing treatment before landfilling was applied. To assess the potential for full-scale application of washing treatment, tests were carried out in different conditions (L/S = 3 and 5 L/kg_TS; t = 3 and 6 h). Moreover, to understand whether the grain size of waste could affect the washing efficiency, the treatment was applied to ground (<4 mm) and not-ground samples. The findings obtained revealed that, on average, washing treatment achieved removal rates of more than 60% for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN). With regard to metals and chlorides, sulphates and fluoride leachable fraction, a removal efficiency of approximately 60% was obtained, as confirmed also by EC values. The comparison between the results for ground and not-ground samples did not highlight significant differences.     

污泥减量热解机热解焚烧技术概述

针对目前我国城市污水处理厂产生大量污泥,二次污染现象日益严重的状况,阐述了污泥的性质特点及主要处理处置方法,介绍并分析了污泥减量热解机热解焚烧技术的工作原理、工作流程、技术特点,以及污泥热解处理系统的主要设备。     

Mobile fission and activation products in nuclear waste disposal

When disposing nuclear waste in clay formations it is expected that the most radiotoxic elements like Pu, Np or Am move only a few centimetres to meters before they decay. Only a few radionuclides are able to reach the biosphere and contribute to their long-term exposure risks, mainly anionic species like I129, Cl36, Se79 and in some cases C14 and Tc99, whatever the scenario considered. The recent OECD/NEA cosponsored international MOFAP workshop focussed on transport and chemical behaviour of these less toxic radionuclides. New research themes have been addressed, such as how to make use of molecular level information for the understanding of the problem of migration at large distances. Diffusion studies need to face mineralogical heterogeneities over tens to hundreds of meters. Diffusion rates are very low since the clay rock pores are so small (few nm) that electrostatic repulsion limits the space available for anion diffusion (anion exclusion). The large volume of traversed rock will provide so many retention sites that despite weak retention, even certain of these “mobile” nuclides may show significant retardation. However, the question how to measure reliably very low retention parameters has been posed. An important issue is whether redox states or organic/inorganic speciation change from their initial state at the moment of release from the waste during long term contact with surfaces, hydrogen saturated environments, etc.     

Fate of atrazine and chlorpyrifos during solid state fermentation—examination of processes

Abstract

Solid state fermentation (SSF) was investigated as a means to dispose of two commonly used pesticides, chlorpyrifos (O, O‐diethyl O‐(3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridyl) phosphorothioate) and atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine). SSF experiments were carried out in bench‐scale bioreaetors (equipped with CO₂ and volatile organic traps) containing a mixture of lignocellulosic materials and a radiolabeled pesticide. Ethyl acetate‐extractable, alkali soluble, and alkali insoluble fractions were evaluated for radioactivity following a 60‐d incubation period at 40°C. The majority of the [2, 6‐pyridyl‐¹⁴C]chlorpyrifos was associated with the ethyl acetate extract (about 74%), 17% was trapped as organic volatiles by polyurethane foam traps and < 0.5% of the chlorpyrifos was mineralized to CO². Only small amounts of the radioactivity were associated with alkali soluble (0.0003%) and alkali insoluble (0.3%) fractions. In the [¹⁴C‐U‐ring] atrazine bioreactors, very little of the radioactivity volatilized (<0.5%) and less than 0.5% was mineralized to CO₂. Approximately 57% of the applied radioactivity was associated with the ethyl acetate extract while 9% and 24% of the radioactivity was associated with the alkali soluble (humic and fulvic acids) and alkali insoluble fractions, respectively. Possible reaction mechanisms by which covalent bonds could be formed between atrazine (or metabolites) and humic substances were investigated. The issue of bound atrazine residue (alkali soluble fraction) was at least partially resolved. Oxidative coupling experiments revealed that formation of covalent bond linkages between amino substituent groups of atrazine residue and humic substances is highly unlikely.