山东省人力资本空间结构的分形研究

本文试圈将分形理论及方法引入到区域人力资本空间结构的研究之中，首先利用马尔柯夫转移矩阵对山东省人力资本等级结构进行了预测，在这一基础上，计算出了1992年、1997年和2002年山东省人力资本空间结构的分维数。并对2007年的分维数进行了模拟，结果表明这一分维数不断下降。最后总结了山东省人力资本空间结构的特点。     

公平与效率协调视角下的中国碳减排潜力与路径

在碳排放公平原则和效率原则协调的基础上计算区域碳减排潜力并设计碳减排路径,对于我国更科学地测算区域碳减排潜力以及更合理地制定区域碳减排路径,从而更好地促进绿色低碳经济发展具有重要意义。选取了1997-2015年29个省级地区数据,通过Super-SBM模型测算了碳排放效率,并以人均碳排放量衡量区域碳排放公平;基于Markov链框架测算了碳排放公平和效率的俱乐部趋同指数,以分析公平和效率原则在考察我国碳减排潜力中的重要性以及在制定碳减排政策时的侧重点,进而在碳排放公平与效率协调的视角下重新测算出各省份的碳减排潜力;在碳排放公平和效率二维矩阵图基础上,基于二者协调的视角设计了碳减排路径。研究发现：（1）我国碳排放公平与碳排放效率的俱乐部趋同程度（固化程度）具有显著差异,碳排放的“长期低效率”比“长期不公平”固化问题更严重。（2）相比于公平与效率相等原则,基于协调原则下的各地区碳减排潜力指数存在变化,这将影响我国碳减排目标地区的划分,进而影响国家碳权分配以及减排责任的分摊。（3）基于各省碳减排的公平性与效率性差异,中国大陆29个省级行政区域可划分为四大类型地区。我国公平效率协调的减排路径是：重点支持“低效低排”型地区,提高其碳排放效率,实施碳排放公平和效率动态协调的碳减排策略。     

中国城市旅游发展的时空演化及影响因素——基于动态空间马尔科夫链模型的分析

旅游业已成为中国经济增长的重要驱动力。在静态（空间）马尔科夫链模型的基础上,创新性地引入动态空间马尔科夫链模型,系统地分析中国城市旅游发展的时空格局及影响因素。结果表明：（1）中国城市旅游发展具有持续性的特征,总体上存在“路径依赖”的趋势;同时,旅游发展低水平区向较高/高水平区演变的概率较低,城市旅游发展存在“贫困陷阱”现象。（2）中国城市旅游发展水平的类型演变在地理空间上存在紧密的关联性,即与旅游发展水平越高的城市邻接,其向上级类型区转移的概率也越大;反之与旅游发展水平越低的城市邻接,其向下级类型区转移的概率也越大。（3）中国城市旅游发展受到市场化水平、资源禀赋、对外开放度等方面的综合影响。针对中国城市旅游发展存在过度商业化等问题,提出相应的政策建议。     

Quantifying parameter uncertainty in a coral reef model using Metropolis-Coupled Markov Chain Monte Carlo

Coral reefs are threatened ecosystems, so it is important to have predictive models of their dynamics. Most current models of coral reefs fall into two categories. The first is simple heuristic models which provide an abstract understanding of the possible behaviour of reefs in general, but do not describe real reefs. The second is complex simulations whose parameters are obtained from a range of sources such as literature estimates. We cannot estimate the parameters of these models from a single data set, and we have little idea of the uncertainty in their predictions.We have developed a compromise between these two extremes, which is complex enough to describe real reef data, but simple enough that we can estimate parameters for a specific reef from a time series. In previous work, we fitted this model to a long-term data set from Heron Island, Australia, using maximum likelihood methods. To evaluate predictions from this model, we need estimates of the uncertainty in our parameters. Here, we obtain such estimates using Bayesian Metropolis-Coupled Markov Chain Monte Carlo. We do this for versions of the model in which corals are aggregated into a single state variable (the three-state model), and in which corals are separated into four state variables (the six-state model), in order to determine the appropriate level of aggregation. We also estimate the posterior distribution of predicted trajectories in each case.In both cases, the fitted trajectories were close to the observed data, but we had doubts about the biological plausibility of some parameter estimates. We suggest that informative prior distributions incorporating expert knowledge may resolve this problem. In the six-state model, the posterior distribution of state frequencies after 40 years contained two divergent community types, one dominated by free space and soft corals, and one dominated by acroporid, pocilloporid, and massive corals. The three-state model predicts only a single community type. We conclude that the three-state model hides too much biological heterogeneity, but we need more data if we are to obtain reliable predictions from the six-state model. It is likely that there will be similarly large, but currently unevaluated, uncertainty in the predictions of other coral reef models, many of which are much more complex and harder to fit to real data.     

基于灰色马尔科夫模型的钻孔瓦斯流量预测

钻孔瓦斯流量是影响矿井瓦斯抽放效果的一个重要因素,为准确预测钻孔瓦斯流量,优化矿井瓦斯抽放工艺,将灰色系统理论与马尔科夫链预测相结合,充分利用两者的优点,通过对瓦斯流量原始数据处理,瓦斯流量状态划分,构建马尔科夫转移概率矩阵及Matlab分析软件进行计算的方法,建立灰色马尔科夫预测模型。结合现场工程实例,将该预测模型和GM(1,1)预测模型进行比较分析,结果表明,利用灰色马尔科夫模型预测钻孔瓦斯流量,能够消除GM(1,1)模型本身固有偏差,预测值平均相对误差为2.16%,最大相对误差仅为5.40%,均优于GM(1,1)模型。     

基于Isograph的地铁车载ATP系统动态故障树分析

针对传统的可靠性分析方法在具有动态特性的地铁车载ATP系统可靠性分析中的不足,提出动态故障树分析法。在引用可用度、平均失效时间和平均修复时间等可靠性指标的基础上,结合Isograph软件改进动态故障树分析法,建立基于Isograph的动态故障树分析模型,并通过对车载ATP系统的结构与功能分析以及历史故障数据的统计分析确定车载ATP系统的关键部件,使用 Isograph软件预计关键部件的可靠性参数,对地铁车载ATP系统的可靠性进行评估。结果表明:采用该方法求解的系统可靠性指标均满足系统需求,并且精确度较高,运用此方法能够对具有顺序相关、资源共享、可修复以及冷、热备份等特性的系统进行可靠性建模,达到快速以及准确分析动态特性系统可靠性的目的。     

火灾风险评价的随机过程模型

运用事故树分析法和随机过程的马尔克夫模型，建立了评价火灾风险的动态模型．运用该模型能够计算某一系统特定地点起火后风险机率的时间分布，并能够指导消防设计和消防管理。     

RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION WITH RANDOM DEPOSITS1

ABSTRACT: The accumulated volume of sediment in reservoris is investigated in this paper using a statistical method. Based on the fact that sediment load and river discharge are highly correlated, a relationship between them is established. With longer records of stream flows, this relationship will serve either as a data generation mechanism which produces a sediment S-sequence having the same length as the river discharge Q-sequence, or as a transformation of variables, by which the distribution of S is transferred from the distribution of Q. The mean and variance of the sediment volume accumulated in the design life of a reservoir are then derived, assuming the S- and Q-sequences follow the log-normal distribution. Finally, case studies are given for illustrating the proposed method.     

Human actions, the survival of keystone species, and the resilience of ecological–economic systems

Human (managerial) actions affect the survival probabilities of the keystone species of an ecological–economic system. In turn, the well-being of these keystone species translates into the well-being or the resilience of the underlying ecological–economic system. What are the theoretical connections between human actions, keystone species survival, and the resilience of ecological–economic systems? In this note, we construct a simple stochastic model to draw out the links between this trinity.     

安全系统可靠性分析方法

讨论了安全系统可靠性分析的最新趋势,即:由对系统的定性分析转向定量分析.给出了可靠性分析的一些方法,包括定性和定量方法.重点研究了马尔可夫故障模型法.针对马尔可夫故障模型法计算量大的缺点,提出了相应的改进方法微马尔可夫故障模型法,分析了此法在可靠性分析中的应用.