迁安市污水收集与处理效能定量评估

污水收集与处理效能直接影响合流制排水体制下的水安全和水环境,是海绵城市建设中需要解析评估的重要内容.以迁安市为例,建立覆盖"污染源—管网关键节点—污水处理厂"的监测网络,基于同步水量、水质监测结果,定量解析生活污水污染物排放系数和污水处理系统收集与处理效能,并定位问题管段具体位置和主要问题.结果表明:①合流制小区CODCr、NH3-N排放系数分别为43. 4、13. 3 g(人·d),分流制小区CODCr、NH3-N排放系数略高,分别为53. 1、14. 5 g(人·d).②受地下水、河水入渗的双重影响,生活污水从进入市政管网后污染物质量浓度大幅下降,保守估计下入渗率约为32. 5%,合流制管网截污干管至污水处理厂地下水、河水入渗量达到了14 471 m3d,分流制干管至污水处理厂地下水入渗量约为19 777 m3d.③污水处理厂进水水质指标均远小于设计进水水质,还存在C源不足、一部分比例的污水可生化性较差的特征,进水BOD5TN〔ρ(BOD5)ρ(TN)〕变化范围为0. 47～4. 32,平均值仅为1. 68.研究显示,地下水河水入渗严重降低污水收集处理效能,建议海绵城市建设中重视对于污水收集处理效能的摸底评估,并从污水处理系统设计和管网缺陷修复上大力整改.     

郑州市PM2.5组分、来源及其演变特征

为探究郑州市PM_2.5主要来源以及季节差异特征,本研究于2019年进行PM_2.5周期采样,并分析PM_2.5中的无机水溶性离子、碳组分和元素浓度.结果表明,郑州市2019年采样膜样品的PM_2.5平均浓度为（67.0±37.2）μg·m^-3,冬季浓度最高,夏季最低.PM_2.5中主要组分依次为：硝酸根、铵根、硫酸根、有机物（OM）、地壳物质和元素碳,春秋季节受地壳物质影响较大,夏季主要受硫酸盐影响,冬季有机物与硝酸盐浓度显著增高.二次转化是硫酸盐和硝酸盐的主要来源,夏季受光化学反应贡献显著,冬季受高湿条件下的液相反应影响明显.NO₃^-/SO₄^2-和OC/EC的值表明郑州市PM_2.5受汽车尾气排放、煤炭燃烧以及生物质燃烧影响较大.源解析结果表明,2019年二次源贡献最高（49.8%）,其中在冬季贡献达到56.5%;一次源中,扬尘在春季（15.2%）和秋季（11.4%）占比略高,机动车源在夏季贡献最大（12.3%）,冬季受燃煤源影响较大（13.2%）.2014~2019年郑州市PM_2.5受二次源影响逐年升高;工业源、生物质燃烧源和燃煤源整体呈下降趋势.     

Variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration by planting Hevea brasiliensis in Hainan Island, China

The development of rubber industry depends on the sustainable management of rubber plantation. To evaluate the environmental effects of planting Hevea brasiliensis on a subsystem of tropical forest ecosystem, the variation of soil fertility and carbon sequestration under rubber plantation within 30-year life period were investigated in Hainan Island. Results showed that （1） with the increase of stand age of rubber plantation, soil fertility decreased all along. From 1954 to 1995, soil organic matter, total N, available K and available P decreased by 48.2%, 54.1%, 56.7% and 64.1%, respectively. （2） If the complete return of litters was considered without additional fertilizer application to the soil of the rubber plantations, the consumption periods for P, N, K, Mg were only 825 years, 329 years, 94 years and 65 years, respectively~ To improve soil fertility is essential for rubber plantation development. （3） The C sequestration of rubber trees per hectare accounts for 272.08 t within 30-year life period and 57.91% of them was fixed in litters. In comparison with C sequestration by rain forest （234.305 t/hm^2） and by secondary rain forest （150.203 t/hm^2）, rubber forest has more potentials for C fixation. On the base of above results, the following measures would benefit the maintenance of soil fertility and the development of rubber industry, including applying fertilizer to maintain the balance of soil nutrients, intercropping leguminous plant to improve soil fertility, reducing the collection of litters, optimizing soil properties to improve element P availability such as applying CaCO3. The information gathered from the study can be used as baseline data for the sustainable management of rubber plantation elsewhere.     

Regulated emission characteristics of in-use LNG and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles under real driving conditions using PEMS

On-road driving emissions of six liquefied natural gas(LNG) and diesel semi-trailer towing vehicles(STTVs) which met China Emission Standard IV and V were tested using Portable Emission Measurement System(PEMS) in northern China.Emission characteristics of these vehicles under real driving conditions were analyzed and proved that on-road emissions of heavy-duty vehicles(HDVs) were underestimated in the past.There were large differences among LNG and diesel vehicles, which also existed between China V vehicles and China IV vehicles.Emission factors showed the highest level under real driving conditions, which probably be caused by frequent acceleration, deceleration, and start-stop.NOx emission factors ranged from 2.855 to 20.939 g/km based on distance-traveled and 6.719–90.557 g/kg based on fuel consumption during whole tests, which were much higher than previous researches on chassis dynamometer.It was inferred from tests that the fuel consumption rate of the test vehicles had a strong correlation with NOx emission, and the exhaust temperature also affected the efficiency of Selected Catalytic Reduction(SCR) aftertreatment system, thus changing the NOx emission greatly.THC emission factors of LNG vehicles were 2.012–10.636 g/km, which were much higher than that of diesel vehicles(0.029–0.185 g/km).Unburned CH_4 may be an important reason for this phenomenon.Further on-road emission tests, especially CH_4 emission test should be carried out in subsequent research.In addition, the Particulate Number(PN) emission factors of diesel vehicles were at a very high level during whole tests, and Diesel Particulate Filter(DPF)should be installed to reduce PN emission.     

烟台市环境受体PM2.5四季污染特征与来源解析

于2016～2017年四季在烟台市3个点位采集了PM_(2.5)样品,分析了其质量浓度和化学组分特征.利用CMB模型对受体进行解析,并利用后向轨迹和PSCF对传输气流和潜在源区进行了分析.结果表明,烟台市监测点位冬季、春季、夏季和秋季的PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度分别为(89. 45±56. 80)、(76. 78±28. 44)、(32. 65±17. 92)和(57. 32±24. 60)μg·m~(-3). PM_(2.5)浓度表现出明显的季节变化特征(P 0. 01).全年PM_(2.5)各源类分担率大小依次为:二次硝酸盐源(20. 3%)城市扬尘源(15. 7%)机动车排放源(14. 9%)燃煤源(13. 8%)二次硫酸盐源(12. 8%) SOC(6. 1%)建筑水泥尘源(5. 5%)海盐源(2. 9%),可以看到烟台市以二次源、扬尘、机动车排放源和燃煤源为主要污染源.春季硝酸盐源和城市扬尘源是重要贡献源类,夏季硫酸盐源贡献突出,燃煤源在秋冬季占比突出.烟台市气流输送和潜在源区也呈现出明显的季节变化:冬季主要受烟台市短距离输送的影响;夏季主要受烟台东部沿海和本地的影响;春秋季主要受山东东北部和东部沿海地区的区域传输和烟台市本地源的影响.     

秦皇岛市大气颗粒物来源解析研究

对秦皇岛海港区和山海关区的颗粒物来源进行了定性识别和定量解析。并考察了重点污染源——我国最大的煤码头秦皇岛港煤码头对市区扬尘和TSP中的碳的影响。得出秦皇岛市海港区和山海关区TSP主要来源为风沙、扬尘,其次为燃煤飞灰和海盐尘。气象条件特别是风向对TSP各源分担率的影响很大,秦皇岛市煤码头是该区域TSP中碳的主要来源。不同气象条件下,煤码头对海港区和山海关区的影响程度明显不一样。      

陕西省水资源供求指数和综合干旱指数及其时空分布

识别区域的干旱时空特征对于防旱抗旱具有重要指导意义。论文采用两种方法研究了陕西省干旱时空分布特征并比较了两种方法在应用中的优缺点：其一,考虑社会经济因素对干旱的影响,采用基于水资源供水和需水平衡的陕西省社会经济干旱指标（水资源供求指数）;其二,结合SPI、PDSI和SPEI的特点,运用模糊综合法建立了综合干旱指数。结果表明：陕西省干旱发生频率很高,南北多发生轻微干旱,中部多发生中重度干旱。陕西省干旱在空间上分布差异大,两种方法均表明咸阳、西安、渭南和铜川地区旱情最为严重。在水资源量存在巨大差异的地区,如商洛与榆林,仅用一种类型的干旱指标无法全面体现实际情况,两种方法的结论存在差异：综合干旱指数表明榆林干旱较重,但供求指数为轻旱;商洛供水可满足需水,但综合干旱指数为轻旱。气象干旱指数,在水资源短缺的地区或自然生态系统中,结果更贴近于实际;社会经济干旱指数——水资源供求指数,更适宜用于水资源极其丰富且供水能力强的地区。     

超高盐高磷废水磷酸盐还原系统构建过程中磷系统转化分析研究

针对现有除磷技术存在的问题,以高盐高磷榨菜腌制废水为研究对象,探讨了磷酸盐生物还原系统构建过程中磷形态的转化.结果表明,以3%的盐度(以NaCl计,下同)废水启动反应器,通过两阶段盐度逐步提升法,在进水有机负荷(COD)0.45kg.(m3.d)-1,磷负荷(PO43--P)5.0 g.(m3.d)-1,DO 6 mg.L-1,水温30℃,且未排泥的条件下,成功构建了超高盐(7%盐度)条件下的磷酸盐还原系统.通过该磷酸盐还原系统运行26个周期中,对磷平衡及污泥中磷形态转化进行研究.结果表明,系统中平均每日有41.8 mg.L-1的外源磷损失,而污泥中共有155 mg的内源磷通过磷形态转化以及磷酸盐还原途径损失,占外源磷损失量的14.2%,占系统磷损失总量的12.5%.系统构建过程中污泥的磷形态主要以Org-P→NaOH85-P→HCl-P→NaOH-P→BD-P→H2O-P途径进行转化.     

环境空气颗粒物来源解析受体采样频率优选方法初探

环境空气颗粒物来源解析受体样品化学组成的时空差异,除受采样点位分布制约外,主要还受采样时间的制约。如何选取时间段及采样周期显得尤为重要。通过青岛市空气自动监测系统近几年获取的颗粒物连续时均值数据,采用统计优化组合选择法,筛选出日均值、年均值的最佳采样时段,可供类似研究参考。     

地表水样品自然沉降时间对总磷测定结果的影响分析

地表水中总磷含量高低是评定水质优劣的一项重要指标,分析数据表明丰水期中总磷主要来源于泥沙中吸附的有机磷和无机磷,而溶解态磷含量较少;水样中总磷含量随着自然沉降时间的延长而逐渐降低.因此样品采集回来后样品的自然沉降时间是影响地表水中总磷测定结果的一个主要原因之一.