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101.
Kit Magellan Lars B. Pettersson Anne E. Magurran 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,58(4):366-374
Although many studies have examined the effects of male size on attractiveness and mating behaviour, few have taken genetic background into consideration. Phenotypic manipulation permits the experimental adjustment of morphological traits while keeping genetic background constant. Here, male guppies, Poecilia reticulata, an ideal model for this type of manipulation, were raised at different temperatures to produce sibling pairs that differed in size. These were then used to investigate male mating behaviour and male attractiveness, assessed through female mate choice, in relation to this size dimorphism. Further, male–male competition, which is intrinsic to male mating behaviour, is also likely to be affected by their size. Through the use of repeated measures analyses we demonstrate that females significantly prefer larger males and male size and competition significantly affect several aspects of male mating behaviour. Larger siblings perform more sneaky mating attempts and spend more time chasing females. The frequencies of both these behaviours increase with competition. While display frequency is unaffected by male size and competition, display duration and the amount of time spent attending females are reduced in the presence of competitors. This study highlights the use of phenotypic manipulation as a valuable tool for investigating behavioural interactions and confirms that both male size and competition are significant factors in the guppy mating system. 相似文献
102.
Theory of parental care evolution predicts that a parent should invest more in a brood when its fitness value is greater than alternative investments such as the parent's own survivorship or future broods. In fish, filial cannibalism (eating one's own offspring) is widespread and represents a challenge to parental care evolution. In this study, I investigated filial cannibalism in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Bluegill are characterized by alternative mating tactics referred to as "parentals" and "cuckolders". Parentals delay maturation, construct nests, court females and provide sole parental care for the developing offspring. Cuckolders mature precociously and parasitize parentals using two tactics called "sneakers" and "satellites". I found that parentals that obtained fewer eggs during spawning appeared more likely to completely cannibalize their brood (total filial cannibalism: P=0.07), regardless of their condition. Among parentals that provided care, partial cannibalism was greater during the egg phase as compared to the fry phase of care, but it was unrelated to brood size. Throughout the care period, parentals in better condition were less likely to partially cannibalize their brood, indicating that parentals use cannibalism to replenish energy reserves. Independent of condition, parentals that were cuckolded more were more likely to eat part of their brood. This relationship was evident only after the eggs had hatched, which is consistent with data showing that parentals can use olfactory cues produced by fry but not eggs to assess their paternity. This latter result proposes that parentals may be selectively culling cuckolder offspring from their nest. These data provide empirical support for parental care theory, and the first evidence for the importance of paternity on cannibalistic behavior.Communicated by M. Abrahams 相似文献
103.
Jochen B. W. Wolf Göran Kauermann Fritz Trillmich 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,59(2):293-302
In many sexually dimorphic species adult sexes tend to segregate socially, spatially, or in habitat use. Several hypotheses have been formulated regarding underlying mechanisms. We investigated terrestrial habitat use and sexual segregation in a tropical otariid, the Galápagos sea lion (Zalophus californianus wollebaeki), where most of the hypotheses can be ruled out a priori. Factors relating to thermoregulation and costs of locomotion were of prime importance for habitat use. Habitats directly adjacent to the sea, with simple structured flat surfaces, shade, and tide pools were most frequented, but sexes and age classes differed in their usage patterns. Sexual segregation, both spatial and by habitat was pronounced in the reproductive period (RP), but remained high during the nonreproductive period (NRP). A GLM model of habitat use showed that in both seasons adult males frequented habitat types that adult females and other age classes used much less. Males were most abundant in suboptimal inland habitats, which offered only shade for cooling. Females with newborns differed in habitat use from females with older offspring and lone females. Spatial and habitat segregation are explained most parsimoniously as by-products of social processes, primarily intrasexual competition and female avoidance of male harassment, linked to the polygynous mating system.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users. 相似文献
104.
Relatedness, polyandry and extra-group paternity in the cooperatively-breeding white-browed scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis ) 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Linda A. Whittingham Peter O. Dunn Robert D. Magrath 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,40(4):261-270
We used DNA fingerprinting to examine the genetic parentage and mating system of the cooperatively breeding white-browed
scrubwren, Sericornis frontalis, in Canberra, Australia. Our analyses revealed a remarkable variety of mating tactics and social organization. Scrubwrens
bred in pairs or multi-male groups that consisted of a female and two or more males. Females were always unrelated to the
pair male or alpha (dominant) male. Among multi-male groups we found three different mating tactics. Firstly, when alpha and
beta (subordinate) males were unrelated, they usually shared paternity in the brood. This resulted in both males gaining reproductive
benefits directly. Secondly, when beta males were not related to the female but were related to the alpha males, beta males
sired offspring in some broods. In this situation, beta males gained reproductive benefits both directly and potentially indirectly
(through the related alpha male). Thirdly, when beta males were related to the female or both the female and alpha male, they
remained on their natal territory and did not sire any offspring. Thus beta males gained only indirect reproductive benefits.
Overall, when group members were related closely, the dominant male monopolized reproductive success, whereas when the members
were not related closely the two males shared paternity equally. This positive association between monopolization of reproduction
and relatedness is predicted by models of reproductive skew, but has not been reported previously within a single population
of birds. Other cooperatively breeding birds with both closely related and unrelated helpers may show a similar variety of
mating tactics. Finally, we found that extra-group paternity was more common in pairs (24% of young) than in multi-male groups
(6%), and we discuss three possible reasons for this difference.
Received: 21 May 1996 / Accepted after revision: 14 December 1996 相似文献
105.
Mating behaviors of ants fall into two categories: female calling, in which a female alate releases pheromones that attract
males, and male swarming, in which large male aggregations attract females. Female calling is common in species with queens
that return to their natal nest to found colonies dependently after mating, while male swarming is common in species with
queens that disperse to found independently. In some species that display both founding strategies, a queen-size polymorphism
has evolved in which dependent-founding queens are smaller than independent-founding queens. Dependent founding is likely
difficult if gynes (virgin queens) are mating in distant swarms. Therefore, a queen may adopt one or the other mating strategy
based on its size and founding behavior. We investigated mating behaviors in the queen-polymorphic ant, Temnothorax longispinosus. Observations in laboratory mating arenas indicated that small gynes exhibited significantly lower flight activity than large
gynes. Both forms mated in male swarms, and neither form exhibited female calling. The reduced flight activity of the small
morph may facilitate returning to the natal nest after mating, provided the mating swarm is located nearby. Therefore, alternative
colony-founding behaviors may be possible without the evolution of female-calling behavior; however, the reduced flight activity
of small morphs may require that mating swarms are not distant from the natal nest. 相似文献
106.
Dynamics of sperm transfer in the ant Leptothorax gredleri 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Mating tactics differ remarkably between and within species of social Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants) concerning, e.g., mating
frequencies, sperm competition, and the degree of male sperm limitation. Although social Hymenoptera might, therefore, potentially
be ideal model systems for testing sexual selection theory, the dynamics of mating and sperm transfer have rarely been studied
in species other than social bees, and basic information needed to draw conclusions about possible sperm competition and female
choice is lacking. We investigated sperm transfer in the ant Leptothorax gredleri, a species in which female sexuals attract males by “female calling.” The analysis of 38 female sexuals fixed immediately
or up to 7 days after copulation with a single male each revealed that the sperm is transferred into the female bursa copulatrix
embedded in a gelatinous mass, presumably a spermatophore. Sperm cells rapidly start to migrate from the tip of the spermatophore
towards the spermatheca, but transfer is drastically slowed down by an extreme constriction of the spermathecal duct, through
which sperm cells have to pass virtually one by one. This results in the spermatheca being filled only between one and several
hours after mating. During this time, the posterior part of the spermatophore seals the junction between bursa copulatrix
and spermathecal duct and prevents sperm loss. The prolonged duration of sperm transfer might allow female sexuals to chose
between ejaculates and explain previously reported patterns of single paternity of the offspring of multiply mated queens.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
107.
Reproductive trade-offs from mating with a successful male: the case of the tephritid fly Anastrepha obliqua 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Diana Perez-Staples Martín Aluja Rogelio Macías-Ordóñez John Sivinski 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(8):1333-1340
In lekking species, females may become sperm-limited when mating with sexually successful males, and this may be exacerbated
by a poor male diet. Polygynous males may also be limited by the amount of accessory gland products (AGPs) they can transmit
to females, which in turn may influence the females’ refractory period and longevity. Here, we tested the effect of male mating
history, larval and adult diet on copula duration, mating intervals, female fecundity, fertilisation success, life span and
likelihood to remate using sexually successful males of the lekking tephritid fly Anastrepha obliqua. Flies originated from either a native or exotic host fruit and were protein-fed or deprived. Male diet and larval host influenced
copula duration, while the time elapsed between matings was affected by the interaction of mating order and male adult diet.
Female fecundity was not influenced by female position in mating order or protein inclusion into the male diet. However, mating
order and male larval diet influenced female fertilisation success. Importantly, as males mated successively they were less
able to induce a refractory period on females, as the last females to mate with a male were more likely to remate and had
slightly longer life spans than the first females to mate with males. These results might be attributed to a decrease in male
AGPs with increasing male mating frequency. We discuss the role of conditional expression of male mating frequency with respect
to A. obliqua’s life history, the trade-off that females face when mating with a successful male, the effect of larval diet on adult sexual
performance and the possibility for sexual conflict to occur due to high male mating rates and fitness costs to females. 相似文献
108.
We used data from a long-term study (15 years) of fallow deer to report for the first time the lifetime mating success, overall
variance in lifetime mating success, and age-specific mortality levels of males. Fallow bucks that gain matings have higher
social dominance rank, higher rates of fighting, and invest more in vocal display during the breeding season than unsuccessful
males. Therefore, we examined if mating was associated with trade-offs in terms of survival, lifespan, and mating potential.
We found that the variance in lifetime mating success was very high: 34 (10.7%) males mated, and of those, the 10 most successful
males gained 73% of all matings (n=934). Mortality rates were generally high and only 22.3% (71/318) of males reached social maturity, i.e., 4 years. The oldest
male was 13 years old. We found that fallow bucks that mated were not more likely to die during the following year, did not
suffer from a reduction in lifespan, and did not incur lower mating success later in life as a result of mating during the
early years of social maturity. Our results show that mating males at age 5 years (and possibly 9 years) may be more likely
to survive than non-mating males. Additionally, the number of matings gained by males during the first years of social maturity
was positively correlated with lifespan. We suggest that mating males are of higher quality than non-mating males because
they are not more likely to incur trade-offs as a result of their increased reproductive efforts.
Received: 9 November 1999 / Revised: 30 April 2000 / Accepted: 27 May 2000 相似文献
109.
When females mate with more than one male, the ensuing sperm competition leads to the evolution of male mechanisms that skew
paternity. Males of the yellow mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) transfer a spermatophore to females during copulation, but sperm release and storage occur later. We investigated how the
interval between two matings with different males affects sperm precedence by varying the interval between the copulations
so that the second mating was either: (1) before sperm release from the first spermatophore (<5 min); (2) after sperm release
but before spermatophore ejection (15–20 min); (3) after spermatophore ejection but before sperm storage (4 h), or (4) after
complete sperm storage (24 h). We collected offspring over a period of 2 weeks and determined paternity by protein electrophoresis.
There was second-male sperm precedence in all treatments, but when the interval was <5 min, the second male usually (86% of
cases) had complete sperm precedence (i.e., P
2=1). Investigations into the mechanism of second-male sperm precedence during <5-min mating intervals indicate that sperm
release from the first spermatophore is inhibited, a phenomenon which has not been previously documented.
Received: 31 January 2000 / Revised: 9 June 2000 / Accepted: 26 August 2000 相似文献
110.
Sexual conflict in the snake den 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) court and mate in spring, soon after they emerge from large communal overwintering dens in south-central Manitoba. Because
of a massive bias in the operational sex ratio, every female attracts intense courtship from dozens to hundreds of males.
We suggest that this courtship constitutes significant ”harassment,” because it delays the females’ dispersal from the den
and hence increases their vulnerability to predation. Small females may face the greatest costs, because they are less able
to escape from amorous males (who court all females, even juvenile animals). Our measurements show that males are stronger
and faster than females. Experimental trials confirm that the locomotor ability of females (especially small females) is greatly
reduced by the weight of a courting male. Arena trials show that intense courtship stimulates females to attempt to escape.
Remarkably, some females that are too small to produce offspring may nonetheless copulate. This precocious sexual receptivity
may benefit juvenile females because copulation renders them unattractive to males, and thus allows them to escape more easily
from the den. Female ”tactics” to escape male harassment may explain other puzzling aspects of garter snake biology including
size-assortative mating, temporal patterns in dispersal from the den, avoidance of communal dens by young-of-the-year snakes,
and female mimicry. Hence, sexual conflict may have influenced important features of the mating system and behavioral ecology
of these animals.
Received: 8 May 2000 / Revised: 28 July 2000 / Accepted: 30 July 2000 相似文献