滤膜法测定空气中氟化物的改进

测定环境空气中微量氟的方法一般采用滤膜法，但此法工作量大，针对这种情况，本文作两点改进：一是将采集的两张滤膜同时测定；二是将测定过程中的搅拌时间缩短，这样不影响测定结果的准确性，而且降低了工作量。     

中空纤维微滤膜污染及阻力分析

选用0．1μm的PVDF中空纤维内压式微滤膜组件，在死端微滤工况下，研究了酵母（平均粒径5．3μm）和高岭土（平均粒径0．7μm）体系在浓度和压力变化时的污染机理及过滤阻力、膜渗透通量的变化规律性。通过恒压堵塞定律积分式的具体形式与实验数据的拟合及根据堵塞过滤定律计算的结果都表明：死端微滤时，酵母体系和高岭土体系均符合滤饼过滤机理。     

Modification of the biochemical pathways of plants induced by ozone: what are the varied routes to change?

When plants are observed under a low dose of ozone, some physiological and metabolic shifts occur. Barring extreme injury such as tissue damage or stomata closure, most of these disruptive changes are likely to have been initiated at the level of gene expression. The belief is oxidative products formed in ozone exposed leaves, e.g. hydrogen peroxide, are responsible for much of the biochemical adjustments. The first line of defense is a range of antioxidants, such as ascorbate and glutathione, but if this defense is overwhelmed, subsequent actions occur, similar to systemic acquired resistance or general wounding. Yet there are seemingly unrelated metabolic responses which are also triggered, such as early senescence. We discuss here the current understanding of gene control and signal transduction/control in order to increase our comprehension of how ozone alters the basic metabolism of plants and how plants counteract or cope with ozone.     

MBR处理工艺的发展与应用

MBR处理技术目前发展的新工艺有：改良式序列间歇反应器（MSBR）、MBR与氧化沟结合工艺、MBR与高效生物反应器相结合（MHCR）等。MBR技术推广应用的关键是解决膜污染问题和降低膜成本。MBR技术已经在水处理领域应用,和常规水处理工艺相比,MBR工艺具有处理效果好、出水水质稳定,设备简单、占地空间省等优势,对于发展城市污水回用具有重要意义。     

具有自由端的梳状中空纤维膜-生物反应器中的膜污染控制研究

采用具有自由端的梳状中空纤维膜-生物反应器处理污水,考察了其膜污染控制性能.结果发现,如果将膜污染定义为恒压操作下的膜通量下降,膜组件b比膜组件a易获得更大的膜通量,具有更优异的抗污染效果.含膜组件b的MBR在温度为22～26℃,污泥浓度为7 500～10 500 　mg/Ｌ,曝气量为200 Ｌ/h,抽停时间比为9 min/1 min,压力为0.02 MPa的条件下连续运行47 d,膜通量维持在4.0～8.0 　L·(m²·h)^-1,其间不需要任何水力或化学清洗.由于这种膜组件易充分发挥曝气的作用,不易污染,因而所需曝气量较小,并且当抽停时间比从12 min/1 min变化到6 min/1 min,膜通量差别不大.对膜的清洗试验表明,水力清洗＋化学清洗＋乙醇浸泡是最有效的清洗方法.水力清洗+化学清洗后,较之水力清洗,中空纤维膜表面上的胶团数目和面积大大减少,膜孔变得更加清晰.     

基于微滤技术供水厂的臭氧预氧化前置工艺中臭氧投加量的优化

通过臭氧预氧化降解水体中溶解性有机物(DOM)对DOM的氧化效果以及微滤(MF)膜污染的缓和效应进行了研究,并分析了臭氧氧化过程中光谱参数变化的规律,进而提出一种通过多目标优化模型确定最佳臭氧投加量的方法。结果表明,臭氧预氧化技术能够将中等分子质量的芳香类DOM转化为低分子质量的有机化合物,对应的UV₂₅₄去除率最高可达90.34%,从而显著改变了MF进水的光谱特性。此外,臭氧预氧化还显著缓解了DOM造成的膜污染,膜污染指数(FI)最多可降低51.49%。根据上述结果可建立多目标优化模型,并用于确定臭氧预氧化-膜过滤工艺最佳臭氧投加量。根据层次分析法,对SUVA₂₅₄、FI和臭氧利用率3个客观指标分配不同的权重,以满足不同饮用水厂的需求。此外,模型分析中可用光谱斜率作为SUVA₂₅₄的替代参数,特别是S_275~295 (R²=0.979 7),用UV₂₅₄作为FI的替代参数(R²=0.879 9),进而简化模型系数的获取。以上研究结果可为水厂在实际应用中优化臭氧投加量、综合提高水处理效果、缓解膜污染并降低运行成本提供参考。     

无机陶瓷膜处理油田采出水

针对陶瓷膜在油田采出水处理过程中操作参数的选择及污染机理进行了研究。通过现场实验,分析了不同的操作参数对膜通量的影响,陶瓷膜对含油量及悬浮物的去除效果,膜阻力组成及膜污染清洗方法。实验结果表明,在确定出水水质达到低渗透油田注水水质A1级标准条件下,陶瓷膜过滤最佳操作条件为:跨膜压差0.16 MPa、温度50℃、膜面流速5.0 m/s。同时发现,NaOH和HNO3联合清洗有助于恢复膜通量。     

TiO_2光催化对微滤去除腐殖酸的膜污染控制研究

着重研究了不同紫外灯光源和照射时间条件下,TiO_2光催化(PCO)对微滤去除腐殖酸过程中的膜污染控制,并探讨了膜污染的控制机理。研究结果表明,TiO_2光催化能有效提高微滤对腐殖酸的去除,同时降低膜通量的下降,起到有效控制膜污染的作用。进一步的实验分析表明,TiO_2光催化控制膜污染的主要机理在于将腐殖酸降解为易于被TiO_2吸附的小分子量物质,吸附腐殖酸降解产物后的TiO_2聚合颗粒粒径增大,易于在膜表面形成更为松散的沉积层,并使膜污染从以膜孔堵塞和沉积层污染为主转化为以沉积层污染为主的可逆性污染。     

好氧硝化颗粒污泥膜生物反应器性能和膜污染研究

实验研究了好氧硝化颗粒污泥膜生物反应器AGMBR的处理性能,并将其与活性污泥膜生物反应器ASMBR进行对比,考察了颗粒污泥在减缓膜污染中所起的作用.好氧硝化颗粒污泥膜生物反应器AGMBR连续稳定运行102 d,系统具有良好的去除有机物和同时硝化反硝化能力,在进水COD和NH+4-N浓度分别为500和200 mg/L时,COD、NH+4-N和TN的去除率分别稳定在86%、94%和45%以上.颗粒污泥有效减缓了膜污染,延长了膜清洗的周期,AGMBR中的膜污染以膜孔堵塞为主,占总阻力的64.81%;滤饼层的阻力为2.1×1012m-1,远小于ASMBR中的16.07×10"m-1;膜清洗周期是相同条件下ASMBR的2.43倍以上;而且AGMBR内不断有新颗粒生成,维持了AGMBR系统性能和运行的稳定.     

The use of nanoparticles in polymeric and ceramic membrane structures: Review of manufacturing procedures and performance improvement for water treatment

Membrane separations are powerful tools for various applications, including wastewater treatment and the removal of contaminants from drinking water. The performance of membranes is mainly limited by material properties. Recently, successful attempts have been made to add nanoparticles or nanotubes to polymers in membrane synthesis, with particle sizes ranging from 4 nm up to 100 nm. Ceramic membranes have been fabricated with catalytic nanoparticles for synergistic effects on the membrane performance. Breakthrough effects that have been reported in the field of water and wastewater treatment include fouling mitigation, improvement of permeate quality and flux enhancement. Nanomaterials that have been used include titania, alumina, silica, silver and many others. This paper reviews the role of engineered nanomaterials in (pressure driven) membrane technology for water treatment, to be applied in drinking water production and wastewater recycling. Benefits and drawbacks are described, which should be taken into account in further studies on potential risks related to release of nanoparticles into the environment.