膜分离技术处理电镀废水的实验研究

采用纳滤＋反渗透2级处理系统浓缩回收电镀铜漂洗废水。实验结果显示：在△P=1．5MPa条件下进行浓缩．纳滤膜可以使料液浓缩近10倍。纳滤膜对Cu^2＋的截留率在96％以上，对COD的截留率在57％以上。在△P=3．0MPa条件下进行浓缩，反渗透膜可以使料液浓缩近10倍。反渗透膜对Cu^2＋的截留率在98％以上，对COD的截留率在67％以上。随着料液浓度的增加，纳滤膜和反渗透膜的截留率会降低。     

Closing the water cycle for industrial laundries: An operational performance and techno-economic evaluation of a full-scale membrane bioreactor system

To reduce the consumption of freshwater in the laundry industry, a new trend of closing the water cycle has resulted in the reuse/recycling of water. In this study, the performance of a full-scale submerged aerobic membrane bioreactor (9 m³) used to treat/reuse industrial laundry wastewater was examined over a period of 288 days. The turbidity and total solids (TS) were reduced by 99%, and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) effluent removal efficiencies were between 70% and 99%. The levels of COD removed by the membrane were significantly greater than the levels of biodegraded COD. This enabled the bioreactor to sustain COD levels that were below 100 mg/L, even during periods of low wastewater biodegradation due to bioreactor sludge. An economic evaluation of the membrane bioreactor (MBR) system showed a savings of 1.13 € per 1 m³ of water. The payback period for this system is approximately 6 years. The energy and maintenance costs represent only 5% of the total cost of the MBR system.     

Penicillin fermentation residue biochar as a high-performance electrode for membrane capacitive deionization

● We have provided an activated method to remove the toxicity of antibiotic residue. ● PFRB can greatly improve the salt adsorption capacity of MCDI. ● The hierarchical porous and abundant O/N-doped played the key role for the high-capacity desalination. ● A new field of reuse of penicillin fermentation residue has been developed. Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is an efficient desalination technology for brine. Penicillin fermentation residue biochar (PFRB) possesses a hierarchical porous and O/N-doped structure which could serve as a high-capacity desalination electrode in the MCDI system. Under optimal conditions (electrode weight, voltage, and concentration) and a carbonization temperature of 700 °C, the maximum salt adsorption capacity of the electrode can reach 26.4 mg/g, which is higher than that of most carbon electrodes. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of the PFRB electrode were characterized through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with a maximum specific capacitance of 212.18 F/g. Finally, biotoxicity tests have showed that PFRB was non-biotoxin against luminescent bacteria and the MCDI system with the PFRB electrode remained stable even after 27 adsorption–desorption cycles. This study provides a novel way to recycle penicillin residue and an electrode that can achieve excellent desalination.     

不同氧化剂降低膜污染效果的研究

采用不同的氧化剂预处理黄浦江原水后进行微滤膜(MF)膜过滤试验,考察预氧化对有机物的去除作用,及其对MF膜过滤特性的影响.结果表明,3种不同氧化剂对有机物的去除效果存在较大差别.臭氧投量在0.5~3.0mg/L范围内,臭氧对DOC和UV254的去除率最高分别为10%和71%;而氯和高锰酸钾对有机物的去除效果则较差.臭氧可将大分子有机物转变成小分子有机物,将大部分疏水性有机物氧化成亲水性有机物.这种有机物组成结构的改变对膜过滤特性产生影响,明显降低了膜污染,膜污染下降率最高可达到22.7%.氯和高锰酸钾的氧化性相对较弱,仅能去除少部分疏水性有机物,对膜污染有较小减缓作用,膜污染下降率最高分别为9%和8.5%.     

厨余发酵液作为中试A/O-MBR外增碳源的脱氮特性

利用厨余发酵液作为A/O-MBR的外增碳源,考察在不同发酵液投加量和水力停留时间(HRT)条件下的脱氮性能以及膜污染特点.结果表明,发酵液的反硝化速率和COD利用率与乙酸钠接近,比葡萄糖高.通过A/O-MBR的运行发现,厨余发酵液作为碳源能够增强微生物活性,强化反硝化过程,从而提高脱氮效率.TN的去除效率随着发酵液投加量的增加而增大.发酵液投加前后,反应器内的EPS并没有积累,膜污染速率变化较小.化学清洗可以有效地去除膜污染物质,恢复膜通量.同时,延长HRT有助于提高脱氮效率和缓解膜污染.     

胞外聚合物对浸没式膜-生物反应器膜过滤性能的影响

通过浸没式膜-生物反应器（SMBR）处理上海市城市内河水的试验,研究了反应器混合液中和2种疏水性不同的膜上污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）的量、组成、污泥特性及对膜过滤性能的影响.结果表明,混合液污泥中的溶解性EPS和固着性EPS比膜上污泥多,不同污泥的固着性EPS组分中蛋白质（EPSP）/多糖（EPSC）的大小顺序依次为混合液污泥〈亲水膜污泥〈疏水膜污泥.疏水膜污泥中溶解性EPS比亲水膜多,溶解性EPS和固着性EPS量及组分均有很大差异.混合液污泥的EPS流动性大,疏水性膜上污泥EPS的流动性较大.溶解性EPS对污泥特性及膜过滤性能影响较大.SMBR中亲、疏水性膜片上黏附的污泥的相对疏水性分别为53%、59%.比较2种膜片通量的变化发现,疏水性膜污染严重.     

分体式膜-生物反应器在废水处理中的工艺条件

对分体式膜-生物反应器(RMBR)处理废水进行了研究.进水COD_Cr:312～584mg/L,RMBR的出水CODCr在运行4d后＜15 mg/L并稳定.向生物反应器添加0.5g/L(混合液)的粉末活性炭(PAC)后出水COD_Cr＜4.22mg/L.膜侧污水流速在0.9～1.9m/s范围内,临界膜通量随膜侧污水流速的增大而增大.添加PAC,组合添加PAC和Al₂(SO₄)₃·18 H₂O均可有效提高临界膜通量.在膜侧流速1.9m/s的条件下,临界膜通量从72L/(m²·h)分别增至76L/(m²·h)和81 L/(m²·h)在22℃～30℃范围内,每升高1℃可提高膜通量1.9%.在连续运行100d中,RMBR可在无任何物理,化学清洗的条件下运行14d而透膜压力无增大,膜通量不降低.对于已污染的膜,水清洗、水碱共间清洗、水碱酸共同清洗可分别恢复至新膜膜通量的47%、83%、94%.     

正常污泥和膨胀污泥中EPS膜污染特性及其与膜表面作用能分析

胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)是导致膜污染的重要物质,且不同形态污泥的EPS具有不同的性质,研究正常污泥和膨胀污泥的EPS膜污染特性具有重要意义.因此,实验考察了正常污泥和膨胀污泥的膜污染速率.结果表明,膨胀污泥膜污染速率远高于正常污泥,膨胀污泥EPS(Bulking sludge-EPS,BS-EPS)浓度((172.9±10.4) mg·g-1)明显高于正常污泥EPS(Normal sludge-EPS,NS-EPS)浓度((95.9±6 6) mg·g-1),且膨胀污泥的蛋白质/多糖(Protein/Carbohydrate,P/C)值(2.26)高于正常污泥的P/C值(1 97)此外,通过序批式吸附实验研究了正常污泥和膨胀污泥的EPS膜污染差异,并基于Derjaguine-Landaue-Verweye-Overbeek (XDLVO)理论计算了EPS与PVDF膜表面之间的作用能结果表明,EPS-膜系统的总界面能为负值,即EPS-膜系统之间会发生自吸附行为,而膜与BS-EPS的总界面能(-63.943mJ.m2)较膜与NS-EPS(-56.366 mJ·m2)具有较高的能量,因此,BS-EPS与膜的吸附力较强;NS-EPS和BS-EPS主要能量壁垒分别为8.89 kT和7.51 kT,表明NS-EPS与膜之间的排斥力更强,因而BS-EPS更容易造成膜污染     

混凝-超滤短流程工艺处理北方水库原水简

采用混凝-超滤膜短流程工艺对大伙房水库原水进行处理,考察其除污染性能和膜污染情况,并对该短流程工艺参数进行优化。结果表明,当利用超滤膜直接过滤原水时,膜污染较重,并且对污染物质的去除率较低;而采用混凝-超滤短流程工艺时,膜污染得到一定程度上的缓解;当絮凝剂投加量为7 mg/L、膜清洗周期为30 min时,对浊度、COD_Mn和UV₂₅₄的去除率分别为95.61%、40.42%和37.12%,出水水质能够满足生活饮用水卫生标准。     

多巴胺非共价改性碳纳米管超滤膜的制备及抗污染性能

利用多巴胺(DA)的自聚合特性对多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)进行非共价改性,制备了多巴胺改性碳纳米管超滤膜(PDA/MWCNT),并对其抗污染性能进行了系统研究.采用X射线光电子能谱、傅里叶红外光谱、接触角测量仪和扫描电镜对PDA/MWCNT膜进行亲水性和化学组成的表征.选取大肠杆菌菌液为目标污染物,研究了不同改性条件对PDA/MWCNT膜抗污染性能及抗蛋白黏附能力的影响.结果表明,DA成功引入到MWCNT表面.DA与MWCNT交联时间为5h、DA浓度1g/L、MWCNT负载量2.17mg/cm²时,MWCNT膜的接触角由改性前112.79°降至8.4°.改性后PDA/MWCNT膜表面的氧元素含量为改性前的2.9倍,膜的亲水性得到显著改善.膜通量较改性前提高1倍,膜的抗污染性能、抗菌性及抗蛋白黏附能力得到显著提高,错流冲洗后的膜通量恢复率从56.62%增加到88.74%.