超滤技术在处理乳化油废水中的应用

文中整理归纳了近年来超滤工艺乳化油废水的发展动态，并介绍了一些典型的应用技术，做了一定的评述。     

浸没式膜-生物反应器污泥组分对膜污染的影响

研究基于中试规模的浸没式膜生物反应器长期运行的基础上,通过改变操作条件和工艺参数系统考察污泥组分对膜污染的影响。试验结果表明,泥龄10 d时,混合液悬浮固体、胶体物质和溶解性物质对膜污染阻力的贡献分别为24.1%、36.1%和39.8%;泥龄20 d时, 混合液悬浮固体、胶体物质和溶解性物质对膜污染阻力的贡献分别为43.9%、32%和24.1%;泥龄40 d时, 混合液悬浮固体、胶体物质和溶解性物质对膜污染阻力的贡献分别为50.6%、27.3%和22.1%。随着泥龄的增加,胶体物质和溶解性物质所形成的阻力之和在总阻力中所占的比例逐渐下降,但仍为膜污染的重要因素。     

Effects of selected pharmaceutically active compounds on the ammonia oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea

Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) are commonly found in wastewater influent. However, little research has focused on determining their impact on fundamental processes in wastewater treatment such as nitrogen removal. In this study, focus was placed on 4 commonly occurring PhACs (ketoprofen, naproxen, carbamazepine and gemfibrozil). Their effect was ascertained in the ammonia oxidizing bacterium (AOB), Nitrosomonaseuropaea in terms of membrane integrity and nitrite production. These PhACs were shown to inhibit nitrite production at concentrations of 1 and 10 μM while no effect was observed at 0.1 μM. The maximum observed nitrification inhibition was 25%, 29%, 22% and 26% for ketoprofen, naproxen, carbamazepine and gemfibrozil, respectively. A decrease in the live/dead ratio ranging from 10% to 16% suggests that these PhACs affect membrane integrity in N.europaea. The difference in nitrite production between PhACs treated cells and non PhAC treated controls was still significant following washing suggesting that inhibition is irreversible. Finally, nitrite production when adjusted to the live fraction of cells was also found to decrease suggesting that PhACs inhibited the activity of surviving cells. These results suggest that the presence of PhACs may affect AOB activity and may impact nitrogen removal, a key function in wastewater treatment. Follow up studies with additional AOB and in mixed culture are needed to further confirm these results.     

一体式MFC-好氧MBR运行效果及膜污染特性

膜生物反应器（MBR）是一种高效的污水处理工艺,而微生物燃料电池（MFC）能利用N0i作为电子受体进行脱氮。为解决膜生物反应器（MBR）脱氮效率低和膜污染问题,建立了一套能够进行脱氮、有效抑制膜污染的一体式MFC-好氧MBR新工艺。以开路MFC—MBR反应器为对照,对耦合系统中污水处理效果、膜污染情况进行研究。研究表明,2套系统的COD去除率均超过88％,对NH4-N的去除均达到99％。闭路MFC—MBR系统TN去除率达到69．4％,高于开路系统的55．3％。混合液的MLVSS／MLSS稳定在88％左右,同时耦合系统能够改善污泥混合液的性质,zeta电位的绝对值和粘度较开路系统有所减少,污泥颗粒平均体积粒径（233．482μm）较开路系统（94．877μm）有明显增加,膜清洗周期延长了41．17％。     

纳滤去除饮用水中的PFOS

全氟辛烷磺酸类物质（PFOS）是一种新型持久性有机污染物,对人类健康存在很大威胁,目前世界范围内的水体中均检测到不同浓度的PFOS。研究如何安全有效去除这类新型污染物十分必要。利用HYDRA—COPe10纳滤膜进行PFOS去除研究,在不同操作压力下研究pH、电解质以及与腐殖酸共存对PFOS截留效果的影响。结果表明,随着pH值的增加,截留率上升;二价盐对PFOS截留率的影响要高于一价盐,并且随着二价盐离子强度的增加,截留率上升;腐殖酸共存时截留效率有显著增加,尤其在1mmol／L钙离子存在条件下,PFOS的截留率可达到95．8％,但会引起膜通量下降及膜污染的发生。     

改性PES膜在MBR中膜阻力分析及膜污染机理研究

以聚醚砜(PES)、醋酸纤维素(CA)和纳米二氧化钛(TiO2)为膜材料,采用L-S相转化法制备共混改性PES膜。在24℃、0.2 MPa的操作条件下,制得的PES膜纯水通量为300 L/(m2.h)左右,CA改性PES膜为660 L/(m2.h)左右,TiO2改性PES膜为840 L/(m2.h)左右。通过膜生物反应器中膜阻力的测定,表明膜污染主要由浓差极化层及凝胶层引起的;通过活性污泥对膜污染机理的研究,判断出污泥的过滤过程基本符合沉积过滤定律。在MBR中运行时,改性PES膜稳定通量高于未改性膜,总阻力低于未改性膜;TiO2改性膜稳定通量高于CA改性膜,总阻力低于CA改性膜;通过扫描电镜分析,改性PES膜沉积层的厚度均比未改性膜薄,TiO2改性膜沉积层厚度小于CA改性膜,表明改性膜的抗污染性能提高了,TiO改性膜抗污染性能更优。     

膜生物反应器中膜的清洗方法和机理研究

研究了膜生物反应器处理盥洗废水时 ,水力清洗、酸洗、碱洗等不同组合形式对膜的清洗效果。结果表明 ,水力清洗可以较彻底地去除运行初期的膜表面沉积物 ,使膜通量有较大程度的恢复。对运行时间较长的膜来说 ,有机物和微生物是造成膜污染的主要原因。清水冲洗后用 0 0 5 %NaClO浸泡 1h ,再用 0 5 %的H2 SO4浸泡 1h是盥洗废水处理用膜有效的清洗方法 ,清水膜通量可恢复至 1 0 0 %。     

UF-RO-NF应用于电镀镍漂洗废水回用中试研究

采用“UF-RO-NF”中试装置处理电镀镍漂洗废水,在周期运行的工况下,考察其浓淡水回用效果以及膜通量变化情况。研究表明,该套系统淡水COD、Ni离子、电导率的平均值为70.6 mg/L、2.93 mg/L、91.1μs/cm^2,远低于该生产车间镀镍漂洗水,可以回用。浓水COD、Ni离子、电导率相对于漂洗水均有4倍以上的浓缩效果,具有一定的回用价值。整个系统在试验运行10个周期内膜通量保持不变。     

Response of mussel Brachidontes variabilis to chlorination

Brachidontes variabilis is a common fouling mussel species in cooling water systems of tropical coastal power stations. However, there are hardly any data available on the response of B. variabilis to chlorine, a commonly used antifouling biocide. Therefore, lethal and sublethal responses of this mussel to chlorine are of considerable interest to the industry. The response of mussels in terms of mortality pattern (LT₅₀ and LT₁₀₀) and physiological activities (oxygen consumption, filtration rate, foot activity and byssus thread production) in different size groups (with shell lengths of 7–24 mm) of B. variabilis was studied in the laboratory under different chlorine concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mg l^?1 for sublethal responses and 1, 2, 3 and 5 mg l^?1 for mortality). The results showed that the exposure time for 100% mortality of mussels decreased significantly with increasing chlorine concentration. However, mussel size was not a determinant of its chlorine tolerance: all size groups tested (with shell lengths of 7–24 mm) took comparable exposure times to reach 100% mortality at a given chlorine concentration (1–5 mg l^?1). All size groups of B. variabilis showed a progressive reduction in physiological activities such as oxygen consumption, filtration rate, foot activity and byssus thread production, when chlorine residuals were increased from 0 to 1 mg l^?1. The data generated in the present work are compared with similar data available for other tropical fouling mussel species to see how far relative chlorine toxicity could have influenced the relative distribution of the mussels inside the seawater intake tunnel of a power station at Kalpakkam in India. It is shown that in this insufficiently chlorinated system, the relative distribution of Brachidontes striatulus, B. variabilis and Modiolus philippinarum reflects the relative tolerance of the species to chlorine.     

超滤膜污染和清洗方法的研究

本文以牛血清蛋白为料液,用酸、碱和表面活性剂作为清洗剂,对聚砜、聚丙烯腈等四种不同材质的超滤膜进行了污染和清洗实验,同时还研究了不同ＰＨ值对膜清洗效果的影响,结果表明,对于季铵化聚砚膜,用ＮａＯＨ清洗效果较好,丙烯腈膜以ＨＣｌ清洗效果为好;Ｐ天等电点附近,容易引起吸附