气相色谱法测定空气和废气中环氧氯丙烷的改进

通过实验探讨了气相色谱法测定空气和废气中环氧氯丙烷的改进方法,并加以验证。结果表明：采用INNOWAX毛细管柱,最低检出浓度有较大幅度降低。     

煤的工业分析中挥发分测定方法的探讨与改进

针对现有国家标准方法中煤的挥发分测定操作繁琐,特别是含水量较高的煤样测定结果偏差较大的问题,通过试验提出实用有效的改进方法,简化了操作程序,提高了测试结果的准确性。     

中国危险废物集中处置设施建设现状、问题和对策

综合性危险废物集中处置设施的建设是实现危险废物安全处置和环境安全目标最根本的保障。本文对《全国危险废物和医疗废物处置设施建设规划》确定的建设项目目前的建设进展进行了全面分析,指出项目建设和运营中存在着布局、工艺技术、废物收集难、运营企业自身能力有待提高以及研发和产业化支撑能力差等五个方面的问题,反思中国过去五年时间里在危险废物和医疗废物处置和管理上取得的经验和教训,提出进一步推进项目建设和“十二五”期间加强危险废物和医疗废物管理的若干建议。     

产业结构调整对流域供需水平衡及水质改善的影响

基于系统动力学(SD)模型和水质(WQ)模型建立了描述深圳河流域社会、经济、水资源和水环境系统的耦合模型(SD-WQM).定量分析了三产比例调整、工业结构内部调整及产业技术提升对流域供需水平衡和水质改善的影响.结果表明,三产比例调整对流域水资源平衡有一定改善作用,但对流域水质变化不敏感;工业调整中劳动密集型产业的比重减少或技术提升、第三产业技术提升对流域的水资源平衡和水质改善作用明显.根据各措施的敏感性,设计了可以满足流域供需水平衡与水质要求的综合调整方案.     

Butterfly effects in mimicry? Combining signal and taste can twist the relationship of Müllerian co-mimics

Müllerian co-mimics are aposematic species that resemble each other; sharing a warning signal is thought to be mutually beneficial for the co-mimics by reducing per capita predation risk. In Batesian mimicry, edible mimics avoid predation by resembling an aposematic model species. The protection of both the model and the mimic is weakened when the mimics are abundant compared to the models. The quasi-Batesian view suggests that defended (Müllerian) co-mimics, when unequal in their defences, could also show a Batesian-like trend of increasing mortality with increasing abundance of a less defended “mimic”. We manipulated frequencies of unequally distasteful artificial co-mimics that were prey for great tits. The co-mimics had different signals (imperfect mimicry) but were equally preferred by the birds when palatable. Unexpectedly, when unpalatable, one of the signals was easier for the birds to learn to avoid. Consequently, during predator learning, the signal design of the prey strongly affected mortality of the co-mimics; there was an interaction between the signal and frequency treatments, but increasing the frequency of a less defended “mimic” did not increase co-mimic mortalities as predicted. In contrast, in a memory test that followed, the effect of signal design disappeared; if the birds had experienced high frequency of “mimics” during learning, co-mimic mortalities did subsequently increase. Since the effect of co-mimic frequencies on mortalities changed depending on the signal design of the prey and predator experience, the results suggest that mimetic relationship may be an unpredictable interplay of several factors in addition to taste and abundance.     

基于六西格玛管理法的区域土壤环境质量改进方法论

在简要回顾土壤环境质量研究现状的基础上,分析了土壤环境质量改进的必要性,指出目前缺乏系统性的土壤环境质量管理方法论。借助六西格玛管理的DMAIC模式,探讨了其在土壤环境质量改进中的应用,提出该方法可以为土壤环境质量持续改进提供科学方法论和有效手段。     

泥磷中温蒸馏提取黄磷装置改进效果的研究

针对泥磷中温蒸馏提取黄磷前期实验装置存在的问题,通过对装置的传动齿轮位置移动改进来达到受力平衡和采用机械密封与软填料密封组合的方式对旋转密封接头重新设计,同时检测改进后实验装置的气密性并进行了泥磷中温蒸馏提取黄磷实验。结果表明,在密封性检测实验中,改进后的实验装置3h之后出现负压,比前期实验装置缩短0．5h,冷凝器温度略有下降,压差与前期相比增加约100mm水柱。黄磷提取实验中,改进的实验装置反应时间比前期缩短0．5h,黄磷蒸馏温度下降,压差增大。最终黄磷的回收率为97．1％,比前期实验增加0．2％;纯度为99．95％,比前期实验提高0．01％,砷含量为0．009561％,比前期实验减少0．0019％,黄磷等级达到优等,实验装置的改进是有效的。     

Influence of lactic acid on the two-phase anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes

To evaluate the influence of lactic acid on the methanogenesis, anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes was firstly conducted in a two-phase anaerobic digestion process, and performance of two digesters fed with lactic acid and glucose was subsequently compared. The results showed that the lactic acid was the main fermentation products of hydrolysis-acidification stage in the two-phase anaerobic digestion process for kitchen wastes. The lactic acid concentration constituted approximately 50% of the chemical oxygen demand （COD） concentration in the hydrolysis-acidification liquid. The maximum organic loading rate was lower in the digester fed with lactic acid than that fed with glucose. Volatile fatty acids （VFAs） and COD removal were deteriorated in the methanogenic reactor fed with lactic acid compared to that fed with glucose. The specific methanogenic activity （SMA） declined to 0.343 g COD/（gVSS-d） when the COD loading were designated as 18.8 g/（L-d） in the digester fed with lactic acid. The propionic acid accumulation occurred due to the high concentration of lactic acid fed. It could be concluded that avoiding the presence of the lactic acid is necessary in the hydrolysis-acidification process for the improvement of the two-phase anaerobic digestion process of kitchen wastes.     

卷曲霉素产生菌的改良

以卷曲霉素（ＣＰＭ）产生菌卷曲链霉菌Ｓ．ｃａｐｒｅｏｌｕｓ４００６（效价为６６４０ｕ／ｍＬ）为出发菌,经ＵＶ诱变／五氯酚浓缩,获得一株效价为７９５０ｕ／ｍＬ的营养缺陷型菌株４０６－３５,再经ＥＭＳ诱变,筛选到一株抗５０００ｕ／ｍＬＣＰＭ、效价为８５１３ｕ／ｍＬ的突变株５－４１,经原生质体ＮＴＧ诱变处理,获得一株效价为９０５０ｕ／ｍＬ的高产菌Ｎ１３菌株Ｎ１３连续传代１０代,卷曲霉素效价保持稳定通过单因子试验和多因子正交试验,确定了菌株Ｎ１３的最佳发酵条件菌株Ｎ１３在最佳发酵条件下卷曲霉素效价为９４８３ｕ／ｍＬ,比出发菌Ｓ．ｃａｐｒｅｏｌｕｓ４００６在原有发酵条件的效价提高４２８％     

室内空气监测中的存在问题及对策

阐述了在室内环境空气监测中关于监测标准的选择和室内空气监测要素的确定,分析了在执行过程标准中和规范监测市场中存在的问题,并就如何改进提出了建议,其目的是提高室内监测服务的质量,确保监测结果准确可靠。