Sexual dimorphism in sea lion pups: differential maternal investment,or sex-specific differences in energy allocation?

Proximal mechanisms underlying a faster growth rate in male compared to female California sea lion pups were investigated. Males are significantly larger at birth than females. Specifically, we asked if differential maternal investment contributed to enhanced male growth via: (1) larger mothers having disproportionately more male pups, (2) more time and energy put into foraging by mothers of male pups, and (3) greater milk production in mothers of male pups. We also considered four aspects of differential energy utilization and acquisition by male and female pups: (1) male pups attempting to save energy for growth by changes in behavior, (2) longer suckling bouts with mother and more sneak suckling of non-filial females by male pups, (3) lower maintenance costs in males via a lowered resting metabolic rate, and (4) increased assimilation efficiency in males. Our study showed that there are no differences in the size of females or length of foraging trips for mothers of male and female pups. Male pups received more milk from their mothers, but the difference was no longer significant when the larger body size of males was considered. There were no differences in either the activity budgets or suckling behavior of male and female pups. Male pups, however, did have lower resting metabolic rates than females. We conclude that enhanced male perinatal growth is a consequence of a larger size at birth, proportionally more milk from mothers to support the greater demands of larger body size, and lower maintenance costs due to a lower resting metabolic rate. Received: 28 April 1995/Accepted after revision: 25 July 1995     

爆炸物污染土壤中DNT的生物降解基础研究

2,4-和2,6-DNT是爆炸物污染土壤生物修复的主要目标。文章以该技术的基础研究为背景,对DNT降解菌及其降解性能,生物反应器的研究开发与处理效果、DNT生物降解途径以及降解菌的基因分析与基因工程改良等诸方面,进行了综述。提出了将DNT降解菌与原位土壤生物修复技术以及反硝化脱氮技术有机结合,研究开发适合爆炸物污染土壤生物修复的工程化的工艺系统的建议。     

超声波/零价铁体系降解五氯酚的机理

在超声波/零价铁体系中,以五氯酚为目标污染物,分别对各种形态铁离子浓度和羟基自由基表观生成率进行了定量测定,探讨了超声波与零价铁的协同作用机理.结果表明,在超声波/零价铁体系降解五氯酚过程中,同时存在超声波的羟基自由基氧化作用和零价铁的还原作用,其中超声波的羟基自由基氧化作用占主导,零价铁大大地促进了该体系羟基自由基的生成.同时,采用气相色谱.质谱联用仪测定中间产物,并结合相关研究推测,超声波/零价铁降解五氯酚主要是通过羟基自由基的氧化脱氯、五氯酚氧自由基的自身耦合,以及零价铁的还原脱氯3种降解途径完成的.     

异养硝化细菌Bacillus sp. LY脱氮性能研究

研究了异养硝化细菌Bacillus sp. LY的脱氮性能.结果表明,Bacillus sp. LY是1株具有脱氮能力的异养硝化细菌.在NH⁺₄-N浓度分别为40、80和120 mg/L 3种情况下,120 h反应后,氨氮的去除率分别是100%、85.7%、73.7%,总氮的去除率分别是76.6%、53.4%、64.8%,在菌液初始浓度相同的情况下,随着NH⁺₄-N浓度的增加,细菌的硝化速率以及脱氮速率呈现下降的趋势.有机物浓度是影响Bacillus sp. LY脱氮性能的重要因素,低的有机物浓度会阻碍细菌脱氮性能的发挥,中的有机物浓度会促进细菌脱氮性能的发挥,使体系的脱氮效果达到最佳,高的有机物浓度并不能再次提升细菌的脱氮性能.在Bacillus sp. LY作用下,有机氮经过氨化作用生成氨氮,通过2条可能的途径转化为氮气.1条途径是氨氮先硝化生成亚硝酸盐与硝酸盐,然后反硝化生成氮气.另1条途径是氨氮被氧化生成羟胺,然后脱氢生成氧化亚氮并进一步转化为氮气.这些研究可为开发新型高效生物脱氮工艺提供参考.     

四环素在水体中的自然光解作用机制

近年来,抗生素引发的水体环境污染问题日益受到关注,光解是其在环境中消减的重要过程,但其中的关键机制及影响因素尚不明确.本研究系统地考察了初始浓度、pH以及无机离子、溶解性有机物等环境因子对四环素（TC）光解的影响,明确了自然光解的关键活性氧物种（ROS）,同时结合理论计算和降解产物的分析,揭示出了TC的自然光解路径及作用机制.结果表明,模拟自然光条件下TC可快速降解,5 μmol·L^-1 的TC在180 min内降解率为75.0%,符合一级反应动力学,反应速率常数为0.007 min^-1,远高于避光条件.随着TC初始浓度的上升,TC光解率和速率呈现出下降的趋势,并且碱性条件更有利于TC光解.水体中存在Cu（II）、Fe（III）和NO₃^-均能显著促进TC光解;富里酸（FA）则由于光屏蔽和淬灭作用对TC的光解产生显著抑制,但FA 和Fe（III）共存时,Fe（III）对光解的促进作用占主导.水体中TC的自然光解不仅存在直接光解,并且以超氧阴离子（O₂^-·）和羟基自由基（·OH）为关键ROS的自敏化光解在TC的光解过程中也起到重要作用.结合TC光解后的产物分析发现,发生间接光解后TC发生开环反应,相比于直接光解和自敏化光解降解地更充分.综上,TC在自然水体中的光解强烈受环境因素影响,可以通过增强活性氧介导的间接光解过程促进水体抗生素污染修复.     

持久性有机卤代物在亚临界水中的脱卤机制研究进展

通过综述国内外研究进展并结合本研究组相关研究成果,对持久性有机卤代物在亚临界水中的脱卤路径及机制进行了综合性总结与分析,并对目前存在分歧的焦点问题进行了剖析讨论,同时对亚临界水脱卤技术的应用前景和可行性进行了评述.     

纳米二氧化钛暴露人胚肺细胞差异表达基因相关通路

为探讨纳米二氧化钛(Nano-TiO2)对人胚肺(HPF)细胞差异表达基因相关通路的影响,采用半致死浓度(0.437mg·mL-1)的10nmTiO2暴露体外培养的人胚肺细胞24h,提取RNA,应用基因芯片技术筛选差异表达基因,分析纳米TiO2对基因通路的影响.结果表明,纳米TiO2暴露人胚肺细胞,导致514条肺中表达的基因发生差异表达,涉及多个KEGG通路和BioCarta通路.纳米TiO2暴露人胚肺细胞可能产生以下生物学效应:1)众多位于细胞外区域和细胞膜上的基因(特别是细胞膜受体基因)差异表达,对外界环境胁迫产生应激反应;2)与炎症相关的细胞因子基因表达大量改变,调控细胞的炎症反应;3)钙离子通路的膜受体基因差异表达,导致大量钙离子内流,调控钙离子信号传导;4)某些基因的差异表达(如OCLN下调),降低了细胞紧密联接力;5)与造血细胞增殖和分化相关的基因差异表达,刺激产生大量白细胞以抵抗感染.     

Toxic effects of realgar transforming solution on the reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans

Realgar transforming solution is an arsenic formulation which has shown anticancer effects with low toxicity both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, Caenorhabditis elegans was used to evaluate its reproductive toxicity and its possible mechanisms. Realgar transforming solution decreased the brood size and induced proliferation arrest and apoptosis significantly only at an elemental concentration of 37.5 mg/L, while arsenic trioxide reduced the brood sizes and induced proliferation arrest and apoptosis of both the wild type N2 and let-60 ras(gf) mutant worms in an arsenic concentration dependent manner. Mitogen-activated protein kinase and protein p53 pathways may be involved in reproductive toxicity as evidenced by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RNA interference, and inhibition experiments with mitogen-activated protein kinases and p53. In conclusion, realgar transforming solution at the low arsenic (As) concentrations showed lower reproductive toxicity than arsenic trioxide, and a different molecular mechanism of reproductive toxicity is suggested.     

1株α-蒎烯降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从处理废气的生物滤塔内筛选到1株能高效降解α-蒎烯的菌株PT.通过菌落形态、生理生化特征、16SrRNA基因序列相似性分析及Biolog鉴定等方法,确定该菌株属于荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens).菌株PT最佳生长条件为: NaCl浓度0.00%、pH7.13、温度25.5℃,降解速率达到最大值5.22mg/(L×h).降解过程符合Haldane’s抑制生长动力学模型,最大比降解速率为0.0364h-1.菌株PT能不同程度地降解一些分子结构较为简单或与α-蒎烯结构相似的工业有机污染物.代谢产物分析表明,菌株PT在降解α-蒎烯的过程中产生柠檬油精、紫苏酸等结构较为简单的物质,它们最终被完全矿化为CO2或合成细胞自身组成物质.碳平衡分析表明,底物有机碳含量完全矿化和转化为细胞生物量的比例分别为64.83%和30.37%.     

两种放电模式降解甲苯的原位红外研究

采用原位红外对比研究连续放电法和吸附存储-放电法两种降解方式下,γ-Al2O3、Ag/γ-Al2O3、NiO/γ-Al2O3三种催化剂上甲苯的吸附和降解反应,对该过程中催化剂表面中间产物的变化以及催化剂对甲苯降解的作用进行考察.结果表明,吸附存储-放电法要优于连续放电法,其中间产物的种类相对减少,未检测到胺类物质;主要原因是吸附存储-放电模式下的催化剂可以有效利用等离子体产生的活性物种,使中间产物迅速脱附转化.对比γ-Al2O3、Ag/γ-Al2O3、NiO/γ-Al2O3三种催化剂对甲苯的降解作用,结果显示Ag、NiO的添加能有效减少中间产物的累积,其中NiO/γ-Al2O3表现出更良好的效果.