Emission of intermediate volatility organic compounds from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil

Intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) are crucial precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, gaseous IVOCs emitted from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil (HFO) were investigated on a test bench, which could simulate the real-world operations and emissions of ocean-going ships. The chemical compositions, emission factors (EFs) and volatility distributions of IVOC emissions were investigated. The results showed that the main engine burning HFO emitted a large amount of IVOCs, with average IVOC EFs of 20.2–201?mg/kg-fuel. The IVOCs were mainly comprised of unspeciated compounds. The chemical compositions of exhaust IVOCs were different from that of HFO fuel, especially for polycyclic aromatic compounds and alkylcyclohexanes. The volatility distributions of IVOCs were also different between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel. The distinctions in IVOC emission characteristics between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel should be considered when assessing the IVOC emission and related SOA formation potentials from ocean-going ships burning HFO, especially when using fuel-surrogate models.     

羧基化碳纳米管载铂催化剂对微生物燃料电池阴极氧还原性能的影响

阴极催化剂是影响微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)性能的关键要素.为了考察不同羧基化方法改性的碳纳米管(carbon nanotube,CNT)负载Pt的催化氧还原效率,分别在80℃和95℃条件下对CNT进行了羧基化,采用浸渍-沉淀法制备了Pt/CNT催化剂(Pt/CNT-80和Pt/CNT-95),并在空气阴极MFC体系中验证了其催化氧还原效果(MFC-80、MFC-95和MFC-C).结果表明,MFC-95和MFC-80的最大功率密度分别为568.8 mW.m-2和412.8 mW.m-2,内阻分别为204.7Ω和207.7Ω,开路电压分别为0.719 V和0.651 V.而对照MFC-C的最大功率密度仅为5.4 mW.m-2,内阻为826.2Ω.XPS和XRD分析结果显示,Pt/CNT-95催化氧还原效果优于Pt/CNT-80,原因可能是95℃羧基化过程在CNT表面引入了丰富的含氧基团.     

微生物反向电渗析反应器产过氧化氢的研究

微生物反向电渗析(Microbial reverse-electrodialysis electrolysis cell, MREC)是一种通过微生物产生的电能与浓淡水盐差能耦合形成的一种新型的生物电化学技术.本文对MREC阴极回收H_2O_2的运行条件与影响因素及同步产能效应进行了研究.结果表明,浓淡水流速及浓度比是影响H_2O_2产生的关键因素.在浓淡水流速为2 mL·min~(-1)、浓/淡水比为100时,MREC可以获得最大H_2O_2产量711.4 mg·L~(-1),产H_2O_2速率达到最大33.65 mg·L~(-1)·h~(-1),阴极回收率为19.77%.同时,对应的产电性能达到1.25 W·m~(-2).MREC反应器能够在无需施加外界能源的情况下获得较高的H_2O_2产量,为H_2O_2绿色生产提供了一条新思路.     

低强度超声波与酸、碱协同对污泥溶胞的影响

在能量密度为0.05W·mL-1和pH范围3.0～12.0条件下,研究了超声波辐射与酸、碱协同对污泥溶胞效果的影响.结果表明,溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)、溶解性磷(SP)和溶解性糖(SA)含量随pH增大均呈先降后升趋势.当pH为3.0时,污泥溶胞效果不高,随污泥溶液碱性增强,SCOD、SP和SA含量随pH呈指数增长,说明强碱性环境有利于污泥溶胞.超声波辐射可显著提高污泥溶胞率,而且pH越大超声波辐射改善的溶胞效率越高.pH=11.0时超声波辐射60min以内,SCOD、SP和SA含量与时间均呈线性关系,超声波/碱协同污泥溶胞为一级反应.pH大于9.0的碱性条件下,超声波辐射和提高pH均可降低VSS/TSS.依据实验数据,应用非线性优化技术得到SCOD与pH和超声波辐射时间的数学模型,其平均相对误差小于2.6%.     

SBR生物反应器出水溶解态有机物性质特点研究

研究中考察了SBR生物反应器处理实际生活污水过程中,反应器内部溶解性有机物的变化情况,重点分析了污泥龄对于SBR反应器出水溶解态有机物性质特点的影响.研究结果表明,生物降解过程中,以分子量650Da、1700Da和2000Da为代表的腐殖质类有机物逐渐积累,小分子量有机物(<200Da)逐渐转化为具有中间分子量(500...     

双筒型微生物燃料电池生物阴极反硝化研究

利用双筒型微生物燃料电池生物阴极实现电反硝化脱氮,考察外电阻大小、进水硝酸盐和有机物浓度对产电和反硝化的影响.当外电阻从50Ω下降到5Ω,硝酸盐去除速率由0.26 mg/(L.h)上升到0.76 mg/(L.h);在外电阻为5Ω时,亚硝氮积累浓度达55 mg/L;硝酸盐起始浓度在20～120 mg/L时硝酸盐降解满足0级反应,硝酸盐浓度对MFC产电影响不显著;亚硝氮的积累浓度随硝酸盐起始浓度增加而增加,最高可达到35 mg/L;有机物的加入能提高阴极反硝化速度,避免亚硝酸盐积累,对MFC产电影响不大.     

细胞冻融破碎对城市污泥中重金属浸出浓度的影响

利用反复冻融的方法对污泥细胞进行破碎,考察处理前后污泥重金属的浸出浓度和形态分布的变化,并通过扫描电镜和红外光谱分析污泥中微生物细胞形貌和有机化合物含量的变化.结果显示,经过细胞破碎处理后,污泥中重金属的浸出浓度增大,锌、镍、铬、镉和铜的浸出浓度比原始污泥分别增加了9.7%、5.1%、25%、9%和50%.不稳定态增加,锌和镍的不稳定态分别增加了20.4%和37.9%,锌、镍、铬和铜的有机态分别减少了4.2%、8.2%、1.2%和5.1%.细胞发生了形貌上的变化,细胞体破碎程度严重.细胞EPS以及污泥中的蛋白质、羧酸、多聚糖等有机基团含量明显减少.细胞破碎后污泥浸出浓度增加的主要原因是污泥中有机态的重金属转化成了其他不稳定态的重金属.     

柴油/甲醇二元燃料发动机的非常规排放特性研究

在一台电控单体泵增压中冷柴油机上,利用FTIR研究柴油/甲醇二元燃料发动机不同甲醇替代率下的非常规排放特性.结果表明,柴油/甲醇二元燃料燃烧模式下的非常规排放物甲醛、未燃甲醇、1,3-丁二烯及N_2O的比排放与纯柴油模式相比均有不同程度的增加,且均随着甲醇替代率的增加而增加;甲醛、未燃甲醇及N_2O的比排放随着负荷的增加逐渐降低;随着转速的增加,未燃甲醇的比排放趋势相差不大,排放量也无明显差别;CO_2的比排放随着甲醇替代率的增加而下降.     

Influence of driving cycles on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of gasoline passenger car in Bangkok

The influence of different driving cycles on their exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rate of gasoline passenger car was investigated in Bangkok based on the actual measurements obtained from a test vehicle driving on a standard chassis dynamometer. A newly established Bangkok driving cycle (BDC) and the European driving cycle (EDC) which is presently adopted as the legislative cycle for testing automobiles registered in Thailand were used. The newly developed BDC is constructed using the driving characteristic data obtained from the real on-road driving tests along selected traffic routes. A method for selecting appropriate road routes for real driving tests is also introduced. Variations of keyed driving parameters of BDC with different driving cycles were discussed. The results showed that the HC and CO emission factors of BDC are almost two and four times greater than those of EDC, respectively. Although the difference in the NOx emission factor is small, the value from BDC is still greater than that of EDC by 10%. Under BDC, the test vehicle consumes fuel about 25% more than it does under EDC. All these differences are mainly attributed to the greater proportion of idle periods and higher fluctuations of vehicle speed in the BDC cycle. This result indicated that the exhausted emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles obtained from tests under the legislative modal-type driving cycle (EDC) are significantly different from those actually produced under real traffic conditions especially during peak periods.     

燃料电池汽车氢源生命周期分析

运用生命周期评价方法对使用不同氢源的燃料电池汽车进行了分析.经过目的与范围的确定、清单分析、影响评价和结果解释,表明电解制氢方案的污染排放明显高于甲醇重整和汽油重整方案,而甲醇重整和汽油重整方案又高于天然气制氢和煤制氢方案,对于相同的制氢方案,液氢方案的排放略高于气氢方案.