纳米氧化锌对EBPR系统的长期作用机制研究:从宏观到微观

研究了纳米氧化锌(ZnO NPs)对强化生物除磷(EBPR)系统的长期作用机制,系统分析了EBPR系统在ZnO NPs长期抑制下宏观运行性能与微观结构的变化.结果发现,当进水开始添加ZnO NPs后,系统沉降性能随之降低.厌氧释磷速率与好氧吸磷速率均出现显著降低并降至0 mg·g~(-1)·h~(-1)(以每g MLSS释(吸)P量(mg)计,下同),从而使得系统丧失除磷效果.同时,厌氧段COD开始积累.ZnO NPs浓度增加至10 mg·L~(-1)时,多糖与蛋白质含量在抑制条件下均开始减少.通过高通量技术对微观层面进行分析发现,ZnO NPs将会严重抑制聚磷菌的正常生长.ZnO NPs对系统内不同细菌有截然不同的作用,Proteobacteria门在试验过程中比例减小,而Bacteroidetes门却受到促进作用.恢复阶段,较低浓度(2 mg·L~(-1))抑制条件下,EBPR系统恢复速度与程度均优于高浓度(6、10 mg·L~(-1))抑制条件.然而,即使系统得到一定程度恢复也难以恢复到初始水平.     

再生水对作物种子萌发、幼苗生长及抗氧化系统的影响

以小麦、黄瓜、西红柿为供试材料,研究再生水水培对小麦、黄瓜和西红柿种子萌发、生长发育及其活性氧清除系统的影响.结果表明,再生水对小麦种子发芽率有明显的促进作用,对西红柿种子无显著影响,而黄瓜种子表现出一定的抑制作用;对各物种幼苗生长发育有一定促进作用,再生水灌溉对小麦、黄瓜及西红柿叶片活性氧清除系统均无不利影响;作物各叶绿素及蛋白质含量也显著高于对照.研究结果表明,再生水可以替代自来水进行作物灌溉,但灌溉过程中需采取适当的措施,使再生水利用效果最佳.     

应用生物模拟采样法快速评估水中邻苯二甲酸酯的生物富集性

利用三油酸甘油酯-醋酸纤维素半透复合膜(TECAM)对12种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物(PAEs)进行微耗式快速富集试验(24 h),估算生物模拟采样方法对PAEs化合物的富集动力学参数以及富集系数,比较了膜富集系数(MCF)与生物富集系数(实验测定、模型预测)之间的相关性,及其随化合物的辛醇-水分配系数(KOW)的变化趋势。结果表明:(1)随着疏水性的增强,化合物在TECAM膜中具有不同的富集趋势:弱疏水性化合物能快速平衡,中疏水性化合物先经历线性富集阶段随后到达曲线富集阶段,中强疏水性化合物一直处于线性阶段;(2)膜对PAEs的富集系数随KOW的增加先上升后下降,与BCF随KOW的变化趋势一致,同时两种富集系数对KOW均符合二次曲线模型,并且MCF的相关性更好;(3)对MCF整体高于BCF的结果做出了解释——生物代谢使得BCF偏低,而TECAM对PAEs的富集不涉及代谢过程。尽管MCF不能表征生物体对邻苯二甲酸酯等可生物降解目标化合物的代谢过程,但该方法不受物种个体差异影响,具有估算水生生物富集目标化合物的潜在能力,更利于化合物之间的评估比较,并可作为对比研究生物代谢对BCF的影响。     

Accounting for Cadmium: Tracking Emissions of Cadmium From the Global Economy

This paper examines the flow of cadmium through the global economy, with the aim of quantifying emissions of cadmium into the environment as a result of anthropogenic activities. First, a materials balance methodology is presented as the most appropriate means of assessing cadmium emissions from a wide range of anthropogenic sources. This is then applied to the best available data, from a variety of sources, to arrive at estimated flows of cadmium. Results are presented for 10 geo-political world regions and for a range of economic activities including non-ferrous metals production, iron and steel production, combustion of fossil fuels, fertilizer manufacture and use, cement production and the manufacture, use and disposal of cadmium containing products. Initially, this analysis partitions the total flow of cadmium into three major categories: atmospheric emissions, water-borne effluents and solid or bulked waste arisings. the paper then suggests a probable further partition of the initial emissions into different environmental media.     

Protein Metabolic Response to Carbon Tetrachloride in A Freshwater Fish, Sarotherodon Mossambicus

Exposure of a freshwater teleost, Sarotherodon mossambicus, to a sublethal concentration (26 ppm) of carbon tetrachloride for periods up to 30 days led to significant changes in the soluble protein fractions (albumin and globulins) and free amino acid content. the decrease in total protein content was greater in liver than in muscle. the protein loss was expected due to the impairement of protein synthetic activity during stress conditions.     

Turnover of dissolved organic carbon fuels nocturnal CO2 emissions from a headwater catchment reservoir, Southeastern China: Effects of ecosystem metabolism on source partitioning of CO2 emissions

Dam reservoirs in headwater catchments, as critical zones for their proximity to terrestrial sources, play important roles in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) cycling. However, the effects of ecosystem metabolism (EM) on DOC cycling are not well known. Here, in-situ diurnal and monthly observations were conducted to measure EM (including gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (ER) and heterotrophic respiration (HR)), DOC turnover and CO₂ emissions in a headwater catchment reservoir in Southeastern China in 2020. Our study showed the nocturnal CO₂ emission rate was about twice as high as in daytime, and was strongly driven by EM. The values for DOC turnover velocity ranged from 0.10 to 1.59 m/day, and the average DOC turnover rate was 0.13 day⁻¹, with the average removal efficiency of 12%. The contribution of respired DOC to daily CO₂ emissions ranged from 17% to 61%. The accumulated efficiencies were estimated to be 13% for the selected 15 reservoirs throughout the Changjiang River network, corresponding to about 0.34 Tg C/year of the respired DOC. The modified CO₂ flux was 0.75 Tg C/year, and respired DOC accounted for about 45% of total emitted CO₂ from the 15 larger reservoirs. Our research emphasizes the necessity of incorporating the effects of EM into studies of reservoir DOC removal and CO₂ emissions.     

附生假单胞菌信号分子对铜绿微囊藻磷代谢的影响

通过在不同的磷浓度和细胞浓度的铜绿微囊藻培养液中添加附生假单胞菌信号分子,研究了附生假单胞菌信号分子对铜绿微囊藻生长及磷代谢的影响．结果表明,与对照相比,附生假单胞菌信号分子能抑制高浓度铜绿微囊藻的生长,促使低浓度铜绿微囊藻衰亡,并可以促进在衰亡期藻细胞内磷的积累．附生假单胞菌的信号分子可以在附生假单胞菌-铜绿微囊藻种间起作用,影响铜绿微囊藻的生长和磷代谢。     

产嗅藻类对东太湖某地原水中嗅味物质2-MIB的贡献

针对东太湖某水源地原水中嗅味物质2-甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)浓度过高问题,检测并鉴定原水中藻类分布及组成,考察并建立藻类与2-MIB的相关性,并利用16SrDNA基因测序方法对其中两种主要丝状藻类进行鉴定.结果表明:两个原水取水口及附近养殖区中2-MIB与藻密度呈明显的线性相关(R2>0.85),且颤藻目浮丝藻、泽丝藻以及针杆硅藻等占总藻数量的55%以上.值得注意的是,存在于藻细胞内部的2-MIB比例可达68%,水处理过程中需考虑胞内2-MIB的释放风险.此外,对养殖区周围水质数据分析表明采样点中2-MIB浓度、藻密度、氨氮浓度均和其与离养殖区距离呈负相关性,表明该地区取水口附近的水产养殖可能是导致2-MB偏高的主要原因.     

83—1除草剂在大鼠体内的代谢研究

目前，我国对新农药的登记要求对其进行代谢降解研究。为此本文采用ＨＰＬＣ、ＵＶ、ＩＲ和ＭＳ等现代仪器分析的方法，给大鼠经口染毒８３－１除草剂后，在大鼠尿中分离和鉴定出四种代谢代物，发现该除草剂在大鼠体内的代谢主要是还原和结合作用。从而推断了该农药在大鼠体内的代谢转化过程。     

Effects of biodegradable plastic components on metabolism of an estuarine benthos

We examined the metabolic response of an estuarine benthic community to additions of three materials being considered for use in manufacture of biodegradable substitutes for plastics. Diver-collected cores containing benthos were dosed with 59 g/m² of three test materials, cornstarch, a bacterial polyester (PHBV), and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), or left undisturbed as controls. Fluxes of dissolved nutrients (ammonia, nitrate + nitrite, phosphate, silica) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were similar in control cores and cores dosed with EVOH during a 1-month test period at 20°C. Fluxes in cores dosed with starch and PHBV differed significantly from controls but not from each other. After 2 weeks of incubation, production of DIC was higher in cores containing starch and PHBV, while efflux of ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite was reduced. After 4 weeks of incubation, production of DIC was similar among all treatments and controls, while efflux of ammonia was high in the starch- and PHBV-containing cores compared to controls and cores with EVOH. Fluxes of silica and phosphate were similar in all cores during the experiment. These results indicate that both starch and PHBV are carbon-rich substrates readily metabolized by the benthic community but that their presence significantly alters normal nutrient exchange patterns. This response is expected because of the high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of starch and PHBV and indicates that impacts of these two materials would be similar. However, the high biological oxygen demand of such materials and resulting disturbance of normal nutrient regeneration patterns of the benthos (delayed ammonia efflux and potential stimulation of denitrification) must be considered in developing strategies for their disposal.Paper presented at the Biodegradable Materials and Packaging Conference, September 22–23, 1993, Natick, Massachusetts.