焦化废水中难降解有机物的共代谢降解特性

针对焦化废水中的几种主要难降解有机物吡啶、萘、氯苯、苯、二苯酚等 ,利用瓦氏呼吸仪测定微生物耗氧量的方法 ,对它们在单基质和共基质条件下的可生化性进行了实验研究 ,初步了解了共代谢降解焦化废水中难降解有机污染物的生理生化特性 ,为焦化废水深度处理作了有益的探索     

经济-环境系统的物质流分析方法比较研究

对基于物质流的工业代谢分析方法物质（材料）流分析法（Material Flow Accounting and Analysis,MFA）和实物投入产出法（Physical Input-Output Tables，PIOT）的特点进行了阐述。比较分析了2种方法的研究对象、范围、内容、应用等，给出了具体的分析表。     

土壤微生物对灭幼脲3号杀虫剂代谢作用的研究

从施药后的土壤中分离出的青霉菌、芽枝霉菌、木霉菌、曲霉菌均能降解灭幼脲3号.其中青霉菌可以裂解灭幼脲C—N键,产生新的代谢产物.经鉴定,其代谢产物为:对氯苯基脲、对氯苯胺,邻氯苯酰胺.探讨了青霉菌对灭幼脲3号的代谢途径和机理.试验说明青霉菌对氯苯基脲,对氯苯胺仍有降解代谢能力.     

PM2.5 exposure induces age-dependent hepatic lipid metabolism disorder in female mice

Particulate matter exposure has been described to elevate the risk of lung and cardiovascular diseases.An increasing number of recent studies have indicated positive correlations between PM_(2.5)(the fraction of airborne particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than2.5 μm) exposure and the risk of liver diseases.However,research on the effects of PM_(2.5)exposure on liver fat synthesis,secretion,and clearance mechanisms under normal diet conditions is limited,and whether these effects are age-dependent is largely unknown.Female C57BL/6 mice at different ages(4 weeks(4 w),4 months(4 m),and 10 months(10 m))were treated with 3 mg/kg body weight of PM_(2.5) every other day for 4 weeks.Subsequently,the ultrastructural changes of liver,the expression of genes involved in oxidative damage and lipid metabolism in the liver were examined.Observation of hepatic ultrastructure showed more and larger lipid droplets in the livers of 4-week-old and 10-month-old mice exposed to PM_(2.5).Further analysis showed that PM_(2.5) exposure increased the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis,but decreased the expression of genes involved in lipid transport and catabolism in the livers of 10-month-old mice.Our findings suggest that exposure to PM_(2.5) disrupts the normal metabolism of liver lipids and induces lipid accumulation in the liver of female mice in an age-dependent manner,with older mice being more susceptible to PM_(2.5).     

城市食物代谢的动态过程及其水-碳足迹响应——以北京市为例

食物代谢是城市物质能量代谢的基础性过程之一。论文系统分析了1978—2015年北京市城市食物代谢通量、结构和效率的动态变化过程,并核算其水-碳足迹,提出优化城市食物代谢的有效途径。结果表明： 1）2015年北京市食物代谢通量为881.4万t,比1978年增加了3.3倍,其中植物源食物增加了2.5倍,动物源食物增加了12.0倍,由此引发的水-碳足迹分别增加了6.1倍和4.4倍; 2）北京市食物代谢的通量结构和水-碳足迹结构均呈现出主食为主转向主副食替代、植物源食物为主转向动植物源食物并重的演变特征; 3）“过度饮食”特别是高比例肉类消费,不但影响了城市居民健康水平,也显著扩大了城市人均环境足迹,导致食物代谢的生态效率指标从1.27降低至0.32; 4）降低城市食物代谢的足迹影响需要优化产业链供应,倡导绿色健康消费模式。     

Mn对超富集植物短毛蓼和水蓼生长、Mn吸收及氮素代谢的影响

摘要：采用水培的方法,研究了不同浓度Mn（0.0003、0.5、1、2、4、8 mmol•L-1）对Mn超富集植物短毛蓼（Polygonum pubescens Blume）和水蓼（Polygonum hydropiper L.）叶片铵态氮、硝态氮、游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质含量及氮素代谢关键酶：硝酸还原酶（NR）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）、谷氨酸合酶（GOGAT）和谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）活性的影响。结果表明,随着Mn处理浓度的增加,短毛蓼和水蓼的根、茎、叶中Mn含量显著增加（p < 0.05）,在相同Mn处理浓度下短毛蓼中的Mn含量均大于同部位水蓼中的Mn含量。在Mn处理浓度小于1 mmol•L-1时,Mn对短毛蓼的株高、株重影响不明显,但对水蓼的影响显著（p < 0.05）,表明短毛蓼比水蓼更耐Mn污染。Mn处理显著降低了短毛蓼硝态氮含量（p < 0.05）,提高了可溶性蛋白质含量,8 mmol•L-1的Mn处理显著提高了水蓼硝态氮、铵态氮、可溶性蛋白质含量以及短毛蓼、水蓼游离脯氨酸含量,在Mn浓度为8 mmol•L-1时,短毛蓼、水蓼叶片中游离脯氨酸的含量分别为对照的1.18倍和1.68倍,表明游离脯氨酸在解Mn毒害过程中起重要作用。Mn引起了短毛蓼和水蓼氮素代谢关键酶活性的变化,显著降低了水蓼叶片NR、短毛蓼叶片GS活性（p < 0.05）;在Mn处理浓度为1 mmol•L-1时,短毛蓼叶片NR活性最高,为对照的1.91倍,而2、4、8 mmol•L-1 Mn处理显著降低了短毛蓼和水蓼GOGAT活性（p<0.05）。另外,Mn处理显著提高了短毛蓼和水蓼叶片GDH活性（p < 0.05）,在Mn处理浓度为8 mmol•L-1时,短毛蓼、水蓼叶片GDH的活性分别为对照的16.29倍和1.29倍。     

Optimal design for water conservation and energy savings using green roofs in a green building under mixed uncertainties

Most water conservation and energy saving strategies for residential homes and commercial buildings have higher initial capital investment than traditional ones. Yet, the added benefits of these “green” building strategies should outweigh the increase of initial capital cost at the end of the house lifetime. Using green roof systems to cool houses gives rise to uncertainties from local precipitation patterns and the unstable market related costs and benefits. The optimal area of green roof to balance cost, benefit, and risk remains unknown. To achieve such a complex systems analysis, a grey stochastic programming model was prepared to address the optimal design strategies under mixed uncertainties. Such a cost-benefit-risk trade-off model was formulated for this study through an optimization framework to retrieve the optimal design strategies with respect to a typical Florida residential home (shingle and metal roofs). It is particularly designed to synergistically integrate a green roof with beneficial reuse of gray water and stormwater while achieving some degree of energy savings. The study identifies the optimal green roof area that keeps within the cost of a conventional home over a specific life time, such as 50 years. Research findings show that as the reliability level associated with the chance constraint was decreased, the upper bound of the green roof area did not vary much for either shingle or metal roofs. The lower bound was found to decrease in the same situation, however, due to the higher minimum cost of the cistern in relation to the greater volume of expected rainfall, forcing the required green roof area to decrease.     

pH冲击对降解五氯酚(PCP)微氧颗粒污泥产气及代谢能力的影响

分别在pH为6.0和9.0的冲击条件下,对降解五氯酚(PCP)微氧颗粒污泥系统的产气及代谢能力进行了研究.结果发现,在pH=6.0的条件下冲击8d,污泥系统的产气量降至400mL·d-1以下,甲烷含量为0.而后将pH调至7.0并经过6d的恢复实验,产气情况基本恢复正常.而在pH=9.0的冲击下,污泥系统的产气量及甲烷含量急剧下降至0,经过6d的恢复过程仍然没有达到正常水平.在不同pH冲击的第8d,对PCP和COD去除率及脱氯中间产物进行了研究,结果表明,PCP及COD降解率均在较低的水平,且发生了PCP及其脱氯中间产物的严重积累.与pH=9.0相比,pH=6.0的冲击对系统代谢的影响要小得多.     

Xanthobacter flavus DT8降解二噁烷的特性研究

对上海某医药厂污水站好氧池的活性污泥进行长期驯化,分离到1株能以二噁烷为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株DT8.经生理生化、脂肪酸鉴定和16S rRNA序列分析,确定该菌株为黄黄色杆菌DT8(Xanthobacter flavus DT8).序批实验表明X.flavus DT8可于48 h内完全降解100 mg.L-1二噁烷,并可实现污染物的矿化.随着生物量的增加,该降解过程的细胞得率(以二噁烷计)为0.62 g.g-1,能量消耗系数(δe)为1.00,表明X.flavus DT8代谢二噁烷消耗的能量较少.研究不同温度、pH和营养条件对二噁烷降解的影响,发现二噁烷降解较适宜的温度和初始pH分别为34℃和7.0;在贫营养条件下,即无机盐培养基稀释100倍时,100 mg.L-1二噁烷于48 h的降解率达到65.6%.对X.flavus DT8降解二噁烷可能的诱导机制进行初步研究,结果表明X.flavus DT8对二噁烷的降解不需要经历诱导的过程.本研究揭示了X.flavus DT8直接代谢二噁烷的特性,为生物法净化含二噁烷废水及废气的工程应用奠定了基础.     

复合固定化法固定微生物去除芘

通过"玉米秸秆吸附-包埋-交联"复合固定化方法固定多环芳烃降解菌GY2B和GP3B,提高对芘的降解性能,并对其作用过程进行初步研究.结果表明,游离态单细菌GY2B、GP3B和混合菌GY2B+GP3B的7 d降解率分别为14.0%、55.0%和73.6%,而固定化GY2B+GP3B秸秆小球在5 d内即达98.2%,去除率得到了显著的提高;对固定化微生物小球的比表面积、孔隙率和扫描电镜图分析,说明载体表面具有较高的比表面积,内部是具有大量孔隙的骨架结构,在内部生长的微生物和基质有充分的接触面积和机会;固定化GY2B+GP3B秸秆小球类似于一个吸附降解一体化的微型反应器.GY2B+GP3B混合菌芘代谢产物有菲-4-羧酸、二甲基酞酸、1-羟基-2-萘酸、1-萘酚和水杨酸,推测芘的降解是GY2B+GP3B混合菌集体代谢的综合作用的结果,GP3B的中间转化产物作为GY2B生长代谢的基质,使得芘得到更完全的降解.