负投入法在循环经济规划中的应用

采用基于物质流核算框架和三维物质投入产出表(PIOT)的物质代谢调控模型编制循环经济规划时,在实际中存在着同一行业的产品计量单位不一致的问题,给物质代谢调控模型的构建带来了困难,尝试用负投入法对此加以解决.首先,在理论上对负投入法的可行性进行了探讨.其次,给出了如何在三维PIOT框架下运用负投入法解决前述问题的具体方法.最后,以河南省义马市循环经济规划为例,对所提出的方法进行验证.结果表明,在PIOT中,负投入法仍能够准确地反映主产品和副产品之间的技术关系.而负投入法在价值型投入产出表中的2个缺点,在PIOT的应用中都可以克服.在具体应用中,需要处理好由投入产出分析行模型计算所得的“负投入”量与实际总需求量之间的关系,以及副产品的需求量与供应量之间的关系.案例分析表明该方法是实用、可行的.     

Cd对小白菜生长及氮素代谢的影响研究

采用水培的方法,研究了不同Cd2 水平(0、1、2.5、5、10 mg·L-1)对小白菜叶片中铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性蛋白质、游离脯氨酸、叶绿素、部分营养元素含量以及蛋白水解酶、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺转化酶与合成酶活性的影响.结果表明,低浓度的Cd处理(1 mg·L-1)刺激了小白菜的生长,提高了小白菜的生物量、叶绿素含量以及硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶与转化酶活性.Cd处理降低了小白菜对Cu、Ca、Fe、Mg的吸收,但促进了P的吸收.10 mg·L-1的Cd处理显著降低了可溶性蛋白质含量、硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和转化酶活性(p＜0.05),提高了蛋白水解酶活性,不利于叶片中铵态氮与硝态氮的同化,造成叶片中铵态氮和硝态氮的累积.小白菜叶片中游离脯氨酸含量与铵态氮含量成极显著正相关(p＜0.01),说明小白菜叶片中游离脯氨酸的累积在一定程度上缓解了铵的毒害.     

植物去除空气污染物的机理研究进展

介绍了植物去除空气污染物的研究现状及机理,主要包括:通过叶表面的气孔和表皮吸收、吸附;植物体内代谢或者分泌酶催化氧化还原进入体内的污染物;通过植物联合根系微生物降解由于干湿沉降进入土壤或者水体中的污染物等.提出了在植物空气去除机理研究中存在的问题,以及未来需要研究的方向.     

恩诺沙星在鲫鱼肝微粒体中的代谢及代谢关键酶的确定

抗生素因具有抗菌谱广、杀菌性强等特点使其被广泛应用于人类医药、畜牧业、农业和水产养殖业。其进入水生生物体内后,会在药物代谢酶的作用下发生代谢转化,产生生态毒性。本研究采用鲫鱼肝微粒体体外孵育法,探究恩诺沙星细胞色素P450酶作用下的代谢转化过程,并通过代谢抑制实验确定关键的代谢酶。实验结果表明,恩诺沙星体外代谢过程符合一级动力学方程,当恩诺沙星暴露浓度为1 mg·L-1时,其在肝微粒体中的消除速率常数k最大为0.00303 min-1,半衰期t1/2最短为228.8 min,应用HPLC-MS/MS技术,检测到了恩诺沙星脱乙基产物和羟基化产物;代谢抑制实验结果表明,CYP3A4在恩诺沙星代谢过程中起主要作用,是恩诺沙星代谢的关键酶。本研究结果为深入了解恩诺沙星在水生生物体内的代谢转化及其生态风险提供了基础数据。     

Effect of nitroethane and nitroethanol on the production of indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) from bacteria in swine feces by gas chromatography

Indole and 3-methylindole (skatole) are odor pollutants in livestock waste, and skatole is a major component of boar taint. Skatole causes pulmonary edema and emphysema in ruminants and causes damage to lung Clara cells in animals and humans. A gas chromatographic method that originally used a nitrogen–phosphorus detector to increase sensitivity was modified resulting in an improved flame ionization detection response for indole and skatole of 236% and 207%, respectively. The improved method eliminates the large amount of indole decomposition in the injector. A 10 μ g mL^–1 spike of indole and skatole in water and swine fecal slurries resulted in recovery of 78.5% and 96% in water and 76.1% and 85.8% in fecal slurries, respectively. The effect of the addition of nitroethane and nitroethanol at 21.8 mM in swine fecal slurries was studied on the microbial production of indole and skatole. Nitroethane and nitroethanol decreased the production of skatole in swine fecal slurries at 24 h. The nitroethane effect on l-tryptophan-supplemented fecal slurries after 6 and 24 h incubation resulted in a decrease of 69.0% (P = 0.02) and 23.5% skatole production, respectively, and a decrease of 14.9% indole at 6 h, but an increase in indole production of 81.1% at 24 h.     

The Energy for Growing and Maintaining Cities

Herein we develop a means to differentiate between the energy required to expand and the energy required to maintain the economies of cities. A nonlinear model is tested against historical data for two cities, Hong Kong and Singapore. A robust fit is obtained for Hong Kong, with energy for maintenance close to that for growth, while Singapore, with a weaker fit, is growth dominated. The findings suggest that decreases in either of the per unit maintenance or growth demands can simultaneously cause gross domestic product (GDP) and total energy use to increase. Furthermore, increasing maintenance demands can significantly limit growth in energy demand and GDP. Thus, the low maintenance demands for Hong Kong, and especially Singapore, imply that, all other things being equal, GDP and energy use of these cities will continue to grow, though Singapore’s higher energy use for growth means it will require more energy than Hong Kong.     

丹江口库区表层浮游细菌群落组成与PICRUSt功能预测分析

浮游细菌是水生生态系统的重要组成部分,是水体中氮素生物地球化学循环的主要驱动力.本研究于2016年5月采集丹江口库区库心和渠首2个生态位点表层水样,采用16S r DNA Miseq高通量测序技术研究其群落组成,发现其主要由变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门等12门、139属细菌组成,渠首样品浮游细菌群落多样性高于库心样品. PICRUSt功能预测分析表明,浮游细菌涉及氨基酸运输和代谢、转录、能量产生和转换等24个基因功能家族,表现出功能上的丰富性.其中35个参与氮代谢的KO(表示通路)中库心高于渠首为20个,渠首高于库心的为15个.两样品中检测到涉及固氮作用(nif H)、硝化作用(hao)、反硝化作用(nar G、nir K、nor B、nos Z)、氮同化还原及异化还原作用(nas A、nar B、nap A、nir A、nir B、nrf A)参与氮循环的关键基因相对丰度.综合基因功能家族预测基因拷贝数和氮循环相关基因丰度分析,丹江口库区库浮游细菌氮代谢能力整体趋势为库心高于渠首.本研究从细菌群落组成、功能角度初步分析了丹江口库区不同生态位点氮循环的差异,为丹江口水库水环境保护提供了参考依据.     

锰污染土壤对超富集植物木荷生长及生理的影响

采用土培的方法,以广西桂林市未受污染土壤(CK)为对照,研究了贺州市某锰矿区的未开采区(U)、探矿区(P)、恢复区(R)、采矿区(M)土壤和尾砂(W)对锰超富集植物木荷(Schima superba)的生长、锰的吸收及生理的影响。结果表明,从CK~W处理,木荷根茎叶中Mn含量依次增加,木荷的株高和株重随锰处理浓度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,表明一定浓度的锰能促进木荷的生长,增加木荷的生物量。植株Mn含量的增加引起了木荷生理特征的变化,显著增加了叶片中硝酸还原酶(NR)及氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)的活性(P0.05),降低了叶片中铵态氮的累积(P0.05),抑制了谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)的活性(P0.05),在R和M处理时NR、GDH活性最高,分别为对照的2.15和1.34倍,在W处理时GS、GOGAT分别比对照降低了66.1%、43.1%;硝态氮在U处理时达到最大值,从U-W处理呈下降的变化趋势。Mn处理同时还引起了木荷叶片中渗透调节物质的变化,随着Mn处理浓度的增加,游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖和还原性糖含量均有不同程度的增加,苹果酸含量则呈先上升后下降的趋势,表明为了适应锰胁迫,木荷可通过改变渗透调节物质的含量来维持体内的渗透压和正常生理功能。     

Untargeted metabolomic analysis of pregnant women exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid at different degrees

● Metabolome can distinguish pregnant women exposure to PFOA at different degrees. ● Metabolome can reveal the metabolic changes of pregnant women exposure to PFOA. ● PFOA exposure degrees could affect the GSH metabolism of pregnant women. ● PFOA exposure degrees could change the microbiota metabolism of pregnant women. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a novel type of persistent synthetic organic pollutant, and its exposure on pregnant women can cause some adverse effects, such as pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, and preeclampsia. Therefore, understanding the metabolic changes caused by PFOA exposure is of great significance to protect pregnant women from its adverse effects. In this study, the metabolomes from the urine samples of pregnant women exposure to PFOA at different degrees were analyzed by GC-MS and LC-MS. The samples in different groups were distinguished and the differential metabolites were screened based on the VIP value, FC, and P-value of each comparison group through multivariate statistical analysis. The pathways related to differential metabolites were searched to reveal the effects of PFOA exposure on metabolic changes in pregnant women at different degrees. Finally, the ROC of differential metabolites was performed, and the differential metabolites with large area under the curve (AUC) values were selected and compared to identify the mutually differential metabolites. Meanwhile, these metabolites were fitted with a multivariable to explore if they could be used to distinguish different groups. The quantitative comparison of mutually differential metabolites revealed that the levels of L-cysteine, glycine, and 5-aminovaleric acid were positively correlated with the degree of PFOA exposure, indicating that different degrees of PFOA exposure could affect the synthesis or degradation of GSH and change the metabolism of oral or intestinal microbiota. Additionally, they may cause oxidative stress and abnormal fat metabolism in pregnant women.     

Abnormal energy metabolism and tau phosphorylation in the brains of middle-aged mice in response to atmospheric PM2.5 exposure

In light of the accelerated aging of the global population and the deterioration of the atmosphere pollution, we sought to clarify the potential mechanisms by which fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) can cause cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration through the alteration of mitochondrial structure and function. The results indicate that PM_2.5 inhalation reduces ATP production by disrupting the aerobic tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, thereby causing the hypophosphorylation of tau in the cortices of middle-aged mice. Furthermore, excessive reactive oxygen species generation was involved in the impairment. Interestingly, these alterations were partially reversed after exposure to PM_2.5 ended. These findings clarify the mechanism involved in mitochondrial abnormality-related neuropathological dysfunction in response to atmospheric PM_2.5 inhalation and provide an optimistic sight for alleviating the adverse health outcomes in polluted areas.