Effects of lanthanum（Ⅲ） on nitrogen metabolism of soybean seedlings under elevated UV-B radiation

The hydroponic culture experiments of soybean bean seedlings were conducted to investigate the effect of lanthanum(La)on nitrogen metabolism under two different levels of elevated UV-B radiation(UV-B,280-320 nm).The whole process of nitrogen metabolism involves uptake and transport of nitrate,nitrate assimilation,ammonium assimilation,amino acid biosynthesis,and protein synthesis. Compared with the control,UV-B radiation with the intensity of low level 0.15 W/m~2 and high level 0.45 W/m~2 significantly affected the whole nitrogen metabolism in soybean seedlings(p<0.05).It restricted uptake and transport of NO_3~-,inhibited activity of some key nitrogen-metabolism-related enzymes,such as:nitrate reductase(NR)to the nitrate reduction,glutamine systhetase(GS)and glutamine synthase(GOGAT)to the ammonia assimilation,while it increased the content of free amino acids and decreased that of soluble protein as well.The damage effect of high level of UV-B radiation on nitrogen metabolism was greater than that of low level. And UV-B radiation promoted the activity of the anti-adversity enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase(GDH),which reduced the toxicity of excess ammonia in plant.After pretreatment with the optimum concentration of La(20 mg/L),La could increase the activity of NR, GS,GOGAT,and GDH,and ammonia assimilation,but decrease nitrate and ammonia accumulation.In conclusion,La could relieve the damage effect of UV-B radiation on plant by regulating nitrogen metabolism process,and its alleviating effect under low level was better than that under the high one.     

基于Biolog解析添加酶液对堆肥化过程中微生物群落代谢的影响

以Biolog方法为主要监测手段,结合聚类分析以及PCA分析方法,考察了添加酶液对农业废物堆肥中木质纤维素降解及微生物群落代谢能力的影响.结果表明,添加酶液使得堆料中有机质的降解率提高了4.90%;微生物群落代谢聚类结果表明,添加酶液可以改善堆肥微生物对中间代谢产物类碳源的代谢能力.通过PCA发现,添加酶液提高了堆体中微生物对双亲化合物、聚合物、氨基酸和氨基化合物等碳源的代谢能力,由此可导致有机质被更高效降解;此外,堆肥各时期群落代谢聚类结果表明,酶液对堆肥进程的影响主要表现在一次发酵的第6 d和二次发酵的第30 d,从而有效地加速了堆肥进程.     

土壤微生物对灭幼脲3号杀虫剂代谢作用的研究

从施药后的土壤中分离出的青霉菌、芽枝霉菌、木霉菌、曲霉菌均能降解灭幼脲3号.其中青霉菌可以裂解灭幼脲C—N键,产生新的代谢产物.经鉴定,其代谢产物为:对氯苯基脲、对氯苯胺,邻氯苯酰胺.探讨了青霉菌对灭幼脲3号的代谢途径和机理.试验说明青霉菌对氯苯基脲,对氯苯胺仍有降解代谢能力.     

Debrominated, hydroxylated and methoxylated metabolism in maize (Zea mays L.) exposed to lesser polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the debrominated, hydroxylated and methoxylated metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs, BDE-15, -28 and -47) in maize. A total of six debrominated metabolites (de-PBDEs), seven hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs, including two unidentified OH-di-PBDEs and one unidentified OH-tri-PBDE) and four methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs) were determined in the exposed plants. The metabolic products were detected in maize only after 12 h of exposure to the PBDEs. However, the concentration of each type of the metabolites (de-PBDEs, OH-PBDEs or MeO-PBDEs) decreased at the later exposure time, possibly due to further metabolism. The removal of a bromine atom or the introduction of a hydroxyl/methoxy group was easier at the ortho-positions on the biphenyl structure than at the para-positions. Concentration ratios of the total debrominated, hydroxylated or methoxylated metabolites to the parent congener (BDE-28 or -47) generally followed the order of leaves > stems ? roots, and MeO-PBDEs > de-PBDEs ? OH-PBDEs. These results suggest that metabolism occurred preferentially in leaves and stems than in roots. Less transformation and shorter elimination half-life of OH-PBDEs would contribute to the lower concentrations of OH-PBDEs than of de-PBDEs or MeO-PBDEs in maize.     

中华绒螯蟹幼蟹饥饿代谢研究

于1998年10～12月在华东师范大学生物学系动物学实验室,对体重为(1.42±0.69)g的幼蟹在(20±0.5)℃温度条件下进行饥饿实验,研究了饥饿对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹代谢的影响.结果表明,经过30d的饥饿处理,幼蟹的耗氧率降低为摄食状态的45.8%;CO2排出率减小为摄食状态的54.1%;NH3-N排泄率减小为62.3%.耗氧率和CO2排出率、NH3-N排泄率的变化差别较大,耗氧率和CO2排出率的减小可分为4个阶段,而NH3-N排泄率的减小仅可分3个阶段.与此同时,幼蟹的标准代谢水平同样受到饥饿的影响,饥饿30d后,由8.15Jg-1h-1减小为3.97Jg-1h-1;在饥饿幼蟹的代谢中,脂肪消耗最多,其次是碳水化合物.图2表2参18     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

北京城市物质代谢的能值分析与生态效率评估

城市如同生命体一样,需要持续不断的代谢过程完成其正常运转.城市可持续发展研究的关键是城市物质代谢流量及其代谢效率研究,但物质代谢流量仅能反映代谢速率,而其生态效率则反映了支持社会经济发展的物质代谢能力.采用能值分析方法,引入"生态效率"概念,构建了城市物质代谢生态效率的度量模型,从代谢流量及其效率2个方面核算了北京市资源环境及经济发展的代谢状况.结果表明:1990～2004年,北京市可利用总能值非常丰富,经济发展程度较高;来自本土可更新自然资源相对匮乏,大部分来源于不可更新资源和系统购买的资源与服务;城市废弃物资源化水平有待提高,环境压力较大;生态效率指数呈现出增加的趋势,2004年生态效率指数比1990年提高了3.6倍,表明城市自组织能力、发展潜力以及再生循环能力不断提高.说明提高城市物质代谢生态效率的根本途径是经济效率、资源效率和环境效率的协同发展,以及逐步构建废物资源化的循环链条.     

拟除虫菊酯类农药的降解与代谢研究进展

拟除虫菊酯类农药残留引发各种环境污染和食品安全问题,文章主要综述了该农药的生物降解、光降解和生物代谢三个方面的国内外研究现状。生物降解是其分解代谢的重要环境过程之一,微生物、哺乳动物、水生生物、昆虫及植物等对拟除虫菊酯的代谢都具有不可替代的作用,其中微生物降解菌的分离、微生物的酶促降解及其衍生的基因工程菌技术迅速发展,为通过基因克隆高效表达拟除虫菊酯降解酶提供依据。合理利用光能可有效去除拟除虫菊酯,光敏化降解与光猝灭降解研究可有助于农药混配的效果分析。通过拟除虫菊酯在生物体内的代谢分析可为治疗人体农药中毒提供有效方法。文章还讨论了吸附作用、氧化作用对拟除虫菊酯的降解效果。     

物质流分析视角下北京市物质代谢研究

作为"重大国家战略"的"京津冀一体化"日益引起社会各界的高度重视,推动其进程的加快,首先要解决的就是该区域的资源环境问题,而北京作为该经济圈的核心,其资源环境问题的解决更是起着关键性的作用.在提高城市环境质量、改善人们生存环境方面,北京市仍任重而道远.运用物质流分析方法(EW-MFA)可以深入探讨社会经济发展与资源消耗及环境污染之间的关系,从而为社会经济发展过程中资源环境问题的解决提供科学依据.因此,本文采用欧盟物质流核算框架(EW-MFA)建立了北京市"吞吐"状态的物质代谢模型.结果表明:1992—2014年北京市的物质输入与输出总体呈上升趋势,矿物和化石燃料是北京市物质输入的主要组成部分;受社会经济发展水平的影响,北京市的物质投入强度表现出先上升后下降的趋势;研究期间内物质代谢效率不断提高.针对北京市的资源环境问题,应转变传统发展理念,不能一味地追求物质财富的增加而忽略生态环境的影响,且不断推动技术的革新和产业结构的调整应成为实现社会经济可持续发展的有效路径.     

Regional water flows – Assessing opportunities for sustainable management

Sustainable water management may strongly benefit from an integrated approach. Additionally, an integrated urban water management policy considering the various urban water flows and the possible interactions between the water sector and the remaining urban activities can benefit if based on an urban metabolism based analysis. This article assesses water flows of Lisbon Metropolitan Area considering the conventional water supply system and wastewater treatment system flows and also the hydrological cycle flows, and proposes a global set of indicators to perform a benchmarking analysis of the 18 municipalities of the region. Results highlighted the heterogeneous nature of the Metropolitan area in terms of water management – either in terms of management entities (predominantly public or municipalized), water consumption (varying from 227.4 l/hab.day in Palmela to 402.7 l/hab.day in Seixal), wastewater treatment (10 out of 18 municipalities already undergo secondary or tertiary wastewater treatments), runoff indices (depending on the municipality's level of urbanization), among other. Through the output volumes it was also assessed the potential of the municipalities to reuse wastewater for potable or non-potable urban uses, as well as the potential to harvest and harness rainwater. The main constraints to an integrated water management were identified and some potential solutions were measured and proposed even though they need further assessment, particularly in a cost-benefit perspective.