微生物在环境保护中的应用现状及发展趋势

微生物在环境保护中起着非常重要 的作用。文章论述了微生物环境保护国内外应用现状，分析了未来发展趋势、 应用前景，最后对微生物资源的开发利用作了一些探讨。     

Synthesis of nanoparticles by microorganisms and their application in enhancing microbiological reaction rates

Nanotechnology has attracted a great interest in recent years due to its expected impact on many areas such as energy, medicine, electronics, and space industries. This review provides the state-of-art knowledge on the synthesis of nanoparticles by microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and yeast, and their effect on microbiological processes. The available microbes and their predicted nanoparticle biosynthesis mechanism, the conditions to control the size/shape and monodispersity of particles, and microbiological reaction rate enhancement using nanoparticles as catalysts are presented. The current limitations and future scope for specific research are also discussed.     

马兰黄土中与三氮有关的微生物的分布及其反硝化能力

选择关中盆地马兰黄土为研究对象,采用平板菌落计数法研究了与三氮转化有关的微生物在0～9 m剖面上的垂直分布.结果表明,剖面上氨化细菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌、固氮菌分别为克土106～1010、101～103、103～108、103～105个.在试验区剖面7 m处的土壤中存在着反硝化菌富集区,数量达克土108个.对此层位土壤进行了反硝化能力实验,结果表明,马兰黄土反硝化作用最适宜温度为22 ℃和37 ℃,碳源的存在可大大提高反硝化速率,但改变碳氮比对反硝化速率影响不大.在15 ℃、无外界供给碳源、硝酸根初始质量浓度为56 mg/L情况下,反硝化菌对硝酸根的降解作用符合方程y=-2.682 8x 60.979,回归系数R=0.960 9.该反硝化菌富集区的存在为研究包气带中三氮转化提供了重要信息.     

芳香类污染物的厌氧生物降解研究

综述了国内外芳香类污染物厌氧降解的研究进展,详细阐述了含氮芳香类、氯代芳香类和酚类污染物厌氧降解的微生物类群与机理.提出了芳香类污染物生物降解今后发展方向的重点是共基质条件下生物降解性研究、厌氧-好氧条件下的生物降解性研究、高效工程菌和固定化细胞技术应用研究、构建基因工程菌和遗传学研究等技术领域.     

应用有效微生物群(EM)处理富营养化源水试验研究

初试条件下系统地考察了有效微生物群(EM)处理南水塘藻型富营养化源水效果。结果表明:在容器中按V(EM)∶V(源水)为1∶10000的比例投加EM菌液并辅以低速间歇式曝气处理8～9d,藻类生物量得到明显控制,水样叶绿素a,TN,TP及CODCr去除率分别达90 49%,45 25%,55 48%及82 37%,出水水质接近国家地表Ⅳ类水质标准。处理过程中,水样pH与电导率有明显的变化规律,应属2个独立的因子体系;EM微生物可改变源水氮磷营养盐水平及藻类生物量与氮 磷质量分数的相关性,成为影响或抑制藻类生长的主导因子。      

铅锌矿区土壤微生物区系及酶活性调查

通过对四川省汉源县富泉乡万顺铅锌矿区土壤微生物区系及微生物活性的调查,结果表明,铅锌矿区土壤几种重金属含量明显高于临近非矿区土壤。该矿区土壤微生物区系组成和微生物活性显著不同于临近非矿区土壤,随着重金属含量的增加,土壤微生物数量、微生物多样性指数、微生物生物量碳以及纤维素分解强度均显著降低,但土壤基础呼吸却明显升高;土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶对铅锌矿较为敏感,而蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶受到的抑制作用不明显。     

有效微生物技术在城市环境治理领域中的应用

随着经济的快速发展,人口数量急剧增长,我国城市水污染及生活垃圾的安全处置问题日益严重,因此找到一种简单、经济的处理方法是目前迫切需要解决的问题。介绍了有效微生物的种群特点以及处理污水的机理,阐述了有效微生物对污水处理效果的影响因素,综述了有效微生物技术在污水处理、河湖富营养化治理、生活垃圾处置等方面的研究现状,并指出了该技术在城市环境治理领域的发展趋势和研究方向。     

利用微生物除臭技术研究与应用

简述了微生物在降解生产和生活中臭气方面的研究与应用,特别着重介绍了EM复合菌群在除臭方面的卓越效果,表明了生物除臭与物理、化学方法除臭相比具有彻底性、实用性与经济性的特点,在环境保护与资源的重复利用方面有着巨大的应用潜力。     

有效微生物群(EM)抑藻效应研究

通过细胞液体培养系统地考察了有效微生物群(EM)对3种常见\"水华\"藻类生长的抑制作用及适宜条件。实验结果表明:EM能显著抑制衣藻、四尾栅裂藻和盘星藻的生长,培养7d时,3种藻类生物量平均降低率分别达46 80%,99 07%和97 17%;培养温度、培养时间、EM投加量及培养基pH等对EM的抑藻作用均有不同程度的影响。EM发挥良好抑藻作用(绿藻)的适宜条件:培养温度为30℃,培养时间≤5d,EM投加量(V(EM)∶V(源水))为1∶1000～1∶10000,培养基pH为6 0～8 0。      

Role of specific microbial communities in the bioavailability of iron in Doñana National Park

The Doñana National Park contains highly complex microbial communities that play critical roles in the bioavailability and biogeochemical cycling of elements. In this study, we analyzed the formation of Fe-rich films on the surface of shallow waters at Doñana National Park as a model for future applications in bioremediation. Phytoplankton composition and abundance, physicochemical measurements, culture enrichments, and molecular detection of microorganisms were determined during this study. Natural samples were incubated in the laboratory and enrichments producing similar phenomena were obtained. Bacteria belonging to the genera Enterobacter were the major participants in surface Fe-film formation in laboratory enrichments. Film formation was dependent on wind exposure and only those sites protected from the direct influence of wind developed these films. A higher concentration of euglenophytes was found in the proximity of film-covered waters. Available iron (Fe²⁺) and total Fe concentrations were high (18.8 and 46.6 mg/L, respectively) underneath the surface film, and higher than in film-free waters and pore-sediment water. The concentration of phosphate and its availability were higher in the iron-rich film sediment, as 61% of total P was bound to iron oxy-hydroxides. Our results provide evidence of the link between P and Fe biogeochemical cycling in aquatic systems on sandy soils at the Doñana National Park. In addition, they provide significant insights into the bioavailability of these elements with potential interest in the role of microorganisms for metal sequestration in natural environments and utilization in bioremediation processes.