垃圾卫生填埋场微量气体的产生及环境影响

概述了垃圾卫生填埋场微量气体的研究进展。阐明了微量气体的来源、产生和组成，论述了垃圾卫生填埋场微量气体对生态环境所产生的某些不良影响及其对人类健康的危害和所造成的恶臭问题等，提出要重视我国在填埋场微量气体方面的研究。     

河流水体中直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)含量水平调查

对盐河中水体直链烷基苯磺酸钠（ＬＡＳ）在水体中的分布状况、自净和迁移转化规律进行了调查研究．结果表明，污水中ＬＡＳ主要迁移到底泥中，底泥中ＬＡＳ同系物在各个时期中含量和波动幅度的顺序是：Ｃ１２＞Ｃ１１＞Ｃ１３＞Ｃ１０．     

移民环境容量有关问题的探讨

叙述了移民环境容量研究的意义，探讨了移民环境容量研究工作中存在的问题，并定义了移民环境容量，最后，提出移民环境容量的研究方法和工作程序。     

Heterospecific call recognition and phonotaxis in the orientation behavior of the marbled newt,Triturus marmoratus

The role of acoustic cues as reference cues for orientation by amphibians has been demonstrated in anurans, the only amphibian group that engages in acoustic communication, but not in urodeles. Orientation responses of marbled newts, Triturus marmoratus, were studied to determine whether heterospecific calls elicited positive phonotaxis. The orientation tests consisted in presenting either a familiar acoustic stimulus, the advertisement calls of natterjack toads (Bufo calamita), or a control stimulus, the advertisement calls of European green toads (Bufo viridis) that the newts would not be expected to recognize. Marbled newts and natterjack toads occur in simpatry, but T. marmoratus and B. viridis are allopatric species. Thus, T. marmoratus is distributed over the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula, whereas B. viridis occurs in the Balearic Islands, but not over the Iberian Peninsula. Newts were released in a circular arena while a recorded chorus of natterjack toads or European green toads played outside the arena to determine whether they displayed positive phonotactic orientation. Our results show that marbled newts performed positive phonotaxis when exposed to the breeding calls of natterjack toads, but not to those of European green toads. Newts chose a compass course in the direction of the advertisement calls of B. calamita. Acoustic information might improve orientation accuracy. This study is the first to provide evidence of heterospecific call recognition and positive phonotactic response in urodeles.Communicated by W. Wiltschko     

Non-migratory breeding by isolated green sea turtles (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Chelonia mydas</Emphasis>) in the Indian Ocean: biological and conservation implications

Green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) are renowned for their long-distance migrations but have less fame for short-distance migrations or non-migratory behavior. We present satellite telemetric evidence from Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean for the first predominantly non-migratory green sea turtle (C. mydas) population. The mean migration distance from the nesting beach to the foraging grounds was 35.5 km with a maximum mean transit time of 3.4 days. The behavior of this population has major implications for our general understanding of green turtle behavior and their life cycle and for conservation. Firstly, these results indicate a level of juvenile or adult non-breeding homing behavior from the open ocean to foraging grounds adjacent to their natal nesting beach. Secondly, a non-migratory breeding phase reduces the consumption of reproductive energy utilized, potentially resulting in higher fecundity for this population. Thirdly, the close proximity of the nesting and foraging habitats allows for uniformity in management and conservation strategies rarely possible for wide-ranging green turtle populations.     

Differential sex- and age-related migration of Bluethroats Luscinia svecica at Eilat, Israel

This paper examines the phenology and biometrics of Bluethroats staging in the Eilat region. This is of special interest because of the extreme conditions with which this temperate zone breeding species has to contend because Eilat is a desert habitat and is the last green area before the crossing of the deserts in autumn or after it in spring. Data were collected during 20 spring and 18 autumn migration seasons in the years 1984–2003, and a total of 7,464 Bluethroat were recorded. The number of trapped birds was much higher in autumn than in spring. The majority of Bluethroats caught in both the autumn and spring migrations were juveniles. We found differences in sex ratio in the individual age classes only in the autumn wherein among both adults and juveniles, males were in greater numbers. We also found significant differences in the dates of ringed birds from different sex–age classes in the spring and in autumn migrations. In spring, males from both age classes were caught earlier than females. In autumn, adult birds arrived earlier than juveniles. We think that it is important to identify and conserve the high quality stopover habitats such as Eilat wherein not only Bluethroats have been shown to stopover but also several hundred other species.     

Behavioral ecology of the neotropical termite-hunting ant Pachycondyla (= Termitopone) marginata: colony founding,group-raiding and migratory patterns

This study provides the first detailed field account of colony founding, group-raiding and migratory habits in the neotropical termite-hunting ant rPachycondyla marginata, in a semi-deciduous forest in south-east Brazil. New colonies can originate by haplometrosis, pleometrosis, or colony fission. Incipient colonies with multiple foundresses persisted longer in the field, and most excavated nests contained more than one dealated female. A total of 202 group raids by P. marginata were registered, and in all cases the raided termite species was Neocapritermes opacus. Nearly 20% of the workers within a colony engage with raiding activity. Colonies of P. marginata hunt for termites approximately every 2–3 weeks, and group-raids may last for more than 24 h. Target termite nests are up to 38 m from the ant colony, and occasionally two nests are simultaneously raided by one ant colony. Raiding ants carry 1 or 2 paralysed prey, and nearly 1600 termites can be captured during a 9-h raid. Migration by P. marginata colonies lasted over 2 days and covered distances of 2-97 m (n = 48). Average residence time at a given location was 150 days. Three basic migratory patterns were noted: colony fission (only part of the colony moves), long-distance migrations, and short-distance migrations. Both raiding and migratory activities appeared to be strongly affected by seasonal factors. The group raiding and migratory patterns of P. marginata are compared with other ant taxa with similar habits. It is concluded that P. marginata presents a rudimentary form of the so-called army ant behavior, which is highly developed in the subfamilies Dorylinae and Ecitoninae. The extremely specialized diet of P. marginata and the associated high costs of migration are features likely to prevent it from evolving a full army ant life pattern.     

Acoustic orientation in the palmate newt, Lissotriton helveticus

Experiments reported here were carried out to investigate the use of acoustic cues by palmate newts (Lissotriton helveticus) for orientation and to study whether this behavior is learned, or whether two populations of palmate newts that cohabit with different frog species (Iberian green frog, Rana perezi, and European common brown frog, Rana temporaria) show different phonotactic preferences. The orientation tests consisted of presenting a control stimulus (white noise), a sympatric acoustic stimulus (calls of R. perezi or R. temporaria, depending on the origin of newts), or an allopatric stimulus (calls of natterjack toads, Bufo calamita, or R. perezi). Newts were released in a circular arena, while the acoustic stimuli were presented outside of the circular arena in four different compass orientation directions (0, 90, 180 and 270°). In this study, we show that L. helveticus performed positive phonotaxis toward the calls of R. perezi only when both species shared habitat, orienting randomly when R. perezi was absent from the newt’s natal population. Newts from both populations oriented randomly when exposed to the allopatric and control acoustic stimuli. These results suggest, for the first time, that recognition of the sympatric heterospecific calls could be learned. However, newts sharing the breeding pond with a population of R. temporaria oriented randomly when exposed to the calls of this species. The fact that the breeding seasons of R. temporaria and L. helveticus do not overlap in time does not allow the use of R. temporaria calls as a guidance mechanism for migrating individuals of L. helveticus.     

Radionuclide transport and retardation in rock fracture and crushed rock column experiments

Transport and retardation of non-sorbing tritiated water and chloride and slightly sorbing sodium was studied in Syyry area SY-KR7 mica gneiss, in altered porous tonalite and in fresh tonalite. Experiments were performed using dynamic fracture and crushed rock column methods. Static batch method for sodium was introduced to compare retardation values from static and dynamic experiments. The ¹⁴C-PMMA method was used to study the pore structure of matrices. The pore aperture distribution was evaluated from Hg-porosimetry determinations and the surface areas were determined using the B.E.T. method. The flow characteristics and transport behavior of tracers were interpreted using a numerical compartment model for dispersion. The effect of matrix diffusion was calculated using an analytical solution to the advection-matrix diffusion problem in which surface retardation was taken into account. Radionuclide transport behavior in rock fractures was explained on the basis of rock structure.     

人力资本流动对地区经济增长差距的影响

由于具有不同教育背景和不同技术条件的劳动力对流入地经济增长的推动肯定是不相同的．因而我们有必要分别考察具有不同人力资本含量的劳动力对流入地经济增长的贡献。本文引入了一个包含异质型流动人口变量的函数。并对1985—1990年期间我国分地区流动人口的素质状况对地区经济增长的影响进行了研究。研究结果显示，在此期间．仅流动人口中的智力资本就为我国的经济增长带来了大约72．5亿元国民生产总值的价值；而分地区的研究结果显示．流动人口中的智力资本也极大地促进了东部地区和西部地区的经济增长。但是，对中部来说，在此期间的流动人口不管是从对劳动力数量的增长贡献上。还是从对本地区人力资本存量的增长贡献上，都对本地区经济增长产生了消极的影响。