The distance between state and rural society in the PRC. Reading document no 1 (February 2004)

While the People's Republic of China appears on a daily basis in all of the important newspapers around the world with its enormous successes in modernizing its economy, life in the Chinese countryside usually does not attract international attention. However, we know from a wide range of reports that the situation in the Chinese countryside is getting more and more complicated with local corruption, pollution and poverty growing in most parts of the country. The Chinese language press reports on a growing number of local uprisings in remote areas. While some analysts regard the situation in the countryside as a potential threat to the ongoing peaceful process of economic reform in China, China seems to be well prepared to cope with this change and the state is comparatively flexible in dealing with unrest among the rural population. So far the system itself has not been challenged by peasant discontent. This article introduces the idea that the distance between state and rural society is the basis of this flexibility. It will analyze a major policy document issued by the state and party leadership in order to show how state and rural society interact on the basis of a still insurmountable distance between state and rural society.     

重金属钼的迁移特性及人工湿地处理研究

针对重金属钼污染的面源性及重金属传统处理工艺的一些弊端,综合国内外人工湿地治理重金属污染研究现状,提出了用人工湿地治理重金属钼污染的构思。环境中重金属钼主要来源于钼尾矿中辉钼矿的氧化而淋滤释放的MoO42-。由于土壤和水体中酸碱和氧化还原环境的差异,钼的存在形态具有易变特征,并影响着钼的迁移过程。基于钼迁移特征的研究成果,本文从植物、基质、微生物三方面对人工湿地处理钼污染进行了系统的分析。结论表明,人工湿地处理重金属钼具有一定的应用价值,为我国人工湿地治理重金属钼污染的研究开展以及实际工程应用提供理论支持。     

棉铃虫暴发的特点,成因及治理对策

本文就１９９２年我国棉铃虫暴发成灾的特点与成因进行了详细的分析，并讨论了治理这一灾害性农业害虫的策略与方法。     

The effect of metal pollution on the population genetic structure of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) residing in the River Hayle, Cornwall, UK

The River Hayle in south-west England is impacted with metals and can be divided into three regions depending on the copper and zinc concentrations: a low-metal upper section; a highly-contaminated middle section and a moderately contaminated lower section. Hayle river water is toxic to metal-naive brown trout, but brown trout are found in the upper and lower regions. The study aimed to evaluate the population genetic structure of River Hayle brown trout and to determine if the highly-contaminated section acts as a chemical barrier to migration. Population genetic analysis indicated that metals were not a barrier to gene flow within the river, but there was a high level of differentiation observed between fish sampled at two sites in the upper region, despite being separated by only 1 km. The metal tolerance trait exhibited by this brown trout population may represent an important component of the species genetic diversity in this region.     

Development and testing of radionuclide transport models for fractured rock: examples from the Nagra/JNC Radionuclide Migration Programme in the Grimsel Test Site, Switzerland

The joint Swiss National Co-operative for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste (Nagra)/Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute (JNC) Radionuclide Migration Programme has now been on-going for over a decade in Nagra's Grimsel Test Site (GTS). The main aim of the programme has been the direct testing of radionuclide transport models in as realistic manner as possible. Although it will never be possible to fully test these models due to the large time and distance scales involved, tests of the model assumptions in scaled down but otherwise realistic conditions will contribute to developing confidence in the predictive power of the models. In this paper, the Nagra/JNC approach is highlighted with examples from a large programme of field, laboratory and natural analogue studies based around the GTS. The successes and failures are discussed as in the general approach to the thorough testing of predictive transport codes which will be used in repository performance assessment (PA). Some of the work is still on-going and this represents the first presentation of a unique set of results and conclusions.     

关于河流污染事故的若干数学估计

为了预报突发河流污染事故的环境影响,对污染物迁移的相关估计和研究是非常必要的.以一维河流中的污染物迁移扩散模型为基础,讨论了几种不同情况下污染物浓度随空间的分布和随时间的变化.通过相应的数学推导,得到了若干简洁的估计公式:如污染物浓度的最大值点、达到某一浓度限值所经历的时间等.在获取足够的数据进行具体的数值模拟之前,由这些估计式可以得到污染物迁移过程中的一些重要特征量.     

Determination of 99Tc deposited on the ground within the 30-km zone around the Chernobyl reactor and estimation of 99Tc released into atmosphere by the accident

Technetium-99 was determined in samples from the 30-km zone around the Chernobyl reactor. Concentrations of ⁹⁹Tc in soil samples taken from three forest sites ranged from 1.1 to 14.1 Bq kg⁻¹ dry weight for the organic soil layers, and from 0.13 to 0.83 Bq kg⁻¹ dry weight for the mineral soil layers. In particular, for the organic layers, the measured ⁹⁹Tc concentrations were one or two orders of magnitude higher than those due to global fallout ⁹⁹Tc. The ⁹⁹Tc depositions (Bq m⁻²), based on the sum of the depositions measured in organic and mineral layers, ranged from 130 Bq m⁻² within the 10-km zone to about 20 Bq m⁻² close to the border of the 30-km zone. Taking the corresponding measured ¹³⁷Cs depositions into account, it was found that the activity ratio of ⁹⁹TW/¹³⁷Cs ranged from 6 × 10⁻⁵ to 1.2 × 10⁻⁴. It was estimated that about 970 GBq of ⁹⁹Tc had been released by the Chernobyl accident. This figure corresponded to 2%–3% of the total ⁹⁹Tc inventory in the core.     

Parasite transmission in a migratory multiple host system

A transmission model was devised for trichostrongyloid nematodes of saiga antelopes and domestic sheep in Kazakhstan. The framework extends previous models by including seasonal migration of saigas, contact with separate populations of sheep, and climate-driven stochasticity in herbage biomass and in the development, survival and migration onto herbage of free-living larvae. The model was parameterised for the contrasting life histories of Marshallagia, Haemonchus and Nematodirus, three important parasites of saigas and sheep in the region, and was successful at predicting broad qualitative patterns of infection dynamics in sheep and saigas. Parasite transmission between saigas and sheep was predicted to be most important for Marshallagia (from sheep to saigas in the south in winter, and onward transmission to sheep in the north in summer) and Haemonchus (from sheep in the north in summer via saigas to sheep further south in autumn). Model predictions for winter transmission of Marshallagia infection in saigas were consistent with field data, which showed that saigas culled before they have grazed the winter range carry lower burdens of this parasite than older animals. The model provides a mechanistic explanation for its predictions, which will assist hypothesis formation, and further the epidemiological basis of efforts to control parasite transmission between wildlife and livestock in both directions. A similar modelling approach could prove useful in other situations where detailed mechanistic models of parasite transmission are inappropriate in the face of parameter uncertainty and spatio-temporal variation in climate and host density. This is likely to include the majority of wildlife-parasite systems.     

水中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮及硝酸盐氮相互关系探讨

在水中,氮既是生命元素,又是环境污染的主要因子,其转化是多变的,其中硝化作用和反硝化作用是关键反应,它将较稳定的 NH4^＋转化成 NO3^-,后者容易渗滤,被植物吸收或进一步脱氮。用河水进行了实验室试验,研究了氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮及硝酸盐氮三者的相互关系。观察了亚硝化作用和硝化作用的历程,描述了其变化规律,并对其在水中的迁移、转化过程及机理结合文献进行了研究讨论。根据实验结果,对今后的研究方向和污水的排放标准提出了建议。