A model for approving and controlling sea water pollution for recreational activity

A model for assessing approval of a beach for recreational water activity was proposed. The model is based upon a sanitary survey together with intensive microbiological monitoring three times a day, five times a week for a month. In highly populated areas, continuous surveys once a day, five days a week are needed in order to assure the cleanliness and safety of these beaches.

Due to our intensive monitoring system, we can assure that Tel‐Aviv has one of the cleanest beaches near a metropolitan area in the Mediterranean Sea.     

Sea-water seasonal changes at a heavy tourism investment site on the Jordanian northern coast of the Gulf of Aqaba,Red Sea

The Gulf of Aqaba exhibits a strong seasonality due to convective mixing during winter and stratification during summer. The present study provides a detailed appraisal of summer and winter sea-water characteristics at the northern coast of the Gulf of Aqaba, that is witnessing rapid development and increasing changes in its geomorphological characteristics. Sea-water temperature, salinity, nutrients, and chlorophyll a concentrations were measured biweekly at five coastal and four cross-sectional stations during the periods February to April and July to September 2004. Meteorological conditions were continuously recorded at the Marine Science Station. The coastal study sites included four open coastal stations and a marina with one-way exchange with the open water. The effect of convective mixing was clearly apparent on the sea-water characteristics. Natural seasonal characteristics of higher nutrients and chlorophyll a concentrations were recorded during winter at most of the open coastal stations. In the cross-sectional stations, the concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll a were not different between the surface and the bottom during winter, but the bottom waters had generally higher concentrations during summer. Some deviations from the natural seasonal cycle were recorded at the marina and other coastal stations. Here, higher nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations were recorded in summer than in winter. These deviations that are most likely due to anthropogenic effects are discussed.     

建立我国海滩质量标准分级体系的探讨

在参考国内外主要海滩质量标准评价体系的基础上,论文根据我国海滩的具体状况,提出适合我国国情的海滩质量标准体系。标准体系包括自然和社会经济两类共54个因子,对不同开发程度的海滩实行不同的评分标准,最终将海滩分为钻石、金、银、铜及不及格5个等级。论文对山东和福建共6个不同开发程度(开发成熟,低度开发/未开发)的海滩进行了试点应用,结果表明,厦门黄厝得分最高,霞浦大京得分最低。同时解释所提出标准的适用性,并对海滩资源可持续开发利用提出管理对策。     

四种人肠道病毒在大连金石滩浴场中的分布

于2007年5～10月,每月一次采集大连金石滩浴场各站位10 L表层海水,用超滤的方法进行病毒浓缩,采用PCR方法分析了该浴场表层海水中的四种主要肠道病毒-轮状病毒、星状病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒和腺病毒.调查结果为:在所采集的24个样品中轮状病毒检出率为12.5%、星状病毒0.9%、脊髓灰质炎病毒和腺病毒分别达29.2%;每个月份均有病毒检出,依据病毒的阳性检出率,8月份该浴场受到的污染最严重,10月份和9月份次之.     

青岛4个海水浴场微塑料的分布特征

微塑料(microplastics,MPs)作为有毒有害物质的载体,会随洋流作用传播、被生物摄入并影响其生长代谢,已经成为全球性的环境问题.为揭示青岛近岸MPs分布规律和影响因素,利用表层现场采样、密度悬浮法分离、光学显微镜和荧光显微镜结合观察的方法,研究了青岛近岸4个典型海水浴场海水和沉积物中MPs丰度分布,分析了各海水浴场MPs的粒径范围、形状和化学成分.结果表明,4个浴场海水中MPs含量范围为5.05×10~3～1.25×10~4个·m~(-3);沉积物中MPs含量范围为1.91×10~3～4.35×10~3个·m~(-2),海水中MPs含量高的站位相应沉积物中含量也高.4种粒径范围MPs在海水及沉积物中皆表现为粒径大小与其含量成负相关,例如,海水中MPs含量最高的为0.05～0.1 mm(4.10×10~3个·m~(-3)),最低为1～5 mm(2.05×10~3个·m~(-3)).纤维状MPs在海水中和沉积物中均占比最高,分别为48.73%和37.51%,其次为颗粒和碎片型.用ATR-FTIR从海水中检测出8种塑料类型,含量由高到低为:PETPPPSPEPVC≈SBPA≈PMA;沉积物中检测出6种MPs,同海水相比,没有PMA和PA,含量较高的4种MPs类型与海水相同.沉积物中的MPs在粒径、形状及成分上与海水具有相似性,说明青岛近岸海水浴场的海水及沉积物可能有相同的污染源:包装行业、服装纺织业、旅游业.研究结果为揭示沿海旅游型城市海水浴场MPs的分布及来源、开展海岸带MPs污染研究与监督工作提供了基础数据.     

海滩旅游资源质量评比体系

论文回顾了当前国内外海滩旅游资源质量评价体系的发展现状 ,并依据我国具体状况 ,提出了适合我国国情的新的评价体系。新体系选择80个评价因子 ,分为旅游资源条件和可利用条件两个大类 ,前者包括地貌、水体、气候气象、生物、人文等5个亚类 ;后者包括基础设施及管理、安全、卫生等3个亚类。论文建立的新的海滩质量评比展示模式将有利于国内外海滩的质量对比 ,可促使我国海滩旅游业与国际接轨、能够向人们提供较多的海滩质量信息并利于海滩的经营管理     

青草沙水源地水库藻类监测预警指标体系研究

文章概述典型藻类生长与环境影响因素的关系,分析了草沙水源地特殊的地域水质特征,筛选并优化水库藻类监测因子,包括理化因子、生物因子和气象因子,形成三大综合临测指标:藻类生长环境指标、藻类增殖状况指标和饮用水安全指标,结合监测技术及监测方案设计等要素,初步构建青草沙水源地水库藻类监测预警指标体系框架.     

长江中下游三大湖泊滩地资源的基本特征及其开发利用

本文重点论述了洞庭湖、鄱阳湖和太湖滩地的发育程度及其差异的原因;根据长期的水文观测资料,分析并列表说明了滩地的水情特点及植被概况。在此基础上,从宏观角度提出了对三湖滩地资源开发与整治的对策。     

泸沽湖区特殊自然社会生态系统的危机因素及调控途径

通过野外实地考察和对室内资料的分析，探讨了川、滇交界泸沽湖摩梭人聚居区自然社会生态系统的危机因子，并提出了切实可行的调控途径。     

Development of a ‘Matrix Scoring Technique’ to determine litter sources at a Bristol Channel beach

Litter at beaches can come from more than one source and determining the proportions to assign pollution to different sources is very complex. There is no widely accepted methodology at present that links litter items to their source. The aim of this study was to create a method of assigning a source to litter found on beaches of the Bristol Channel but which could equally be used on any beach. Various methods that attempt to establish the source of beach litter were evaluated; their strengths, weaknesses, applicability and reliability for use on Bristol Channel, UK beaches were considered. Elements of existing methods coupled with new ideas were utilized in the production of a ‘refined’ methodology: consequently a new method of assigning a source to beach litter was developed. The developed ‘Matrix Scoring Technique’ was applied to data collected at Minehead beach on the Bristol Channel, UK. Several numerical and nomenclature variations were used to produce a system that reflected the various sources and eliminated as much bias as possible. This cross-tabulated matrix scoring system can produce an insight into the contribution of different source groups to litter found on beaches. This novel approach requires further testing with emphasis on a control data set.