Emission Patterns under Alternative Congestion and Motor Vehicle Pollution Mitigation Policies in Shanghai

Abstract

Minqin Oasis is located in the lower reaches of the Shiyanghe River Basin, northeast of the Heixi Corridor, at the middle of the Silk Road. Because of the its existence, Badain Jaran Desert and Tengger Desert cannot converge and develop in the south. It has always been an important green barrier to guarantee the eco-security of Hexi Corridor and the Silk Road for thousands of years. But in recent decades, Minqin Oasis is becoming smaller and the desert is becoming larger. Many people, especially the governmental officials in the lower reaches think that the upper and middle reaches have robbed the lower reaches of water resources, and caused insufficient water usage and the deteriorated eco-environment, in the lower reaches, However, the governmental officials in the upper and middle reaches claim that the whole river basin should take the upper and middle reaches as the key regions to develop economy. To address the above argument, we analyze the reasons why Minqin Oasis is disappearing, and find that there are two main factors. One is the quick development of population and economy in the upper and middle reaches; the other is the rapid development of population and economy in the lower reaches. The two factors both have great effect on the water utilization for eco-environment in the lower reaches. So Minqin Oasis is disappearing not only because of the upper and middle reaches but also because of the growth of population and economy itself. The lower reaches should not completely blame the upper and middle reaches. The upper and middle reaches should also pay more attention to the eco-environment in the lower reaches. The whole river basin should develop a harmonious and sustainable relationship among the upper, middle and lower reaches.     

Water-saving Technologies,Solar Green House and Ecological Rehabilitation in Minqin Oasis of Gansu Province,China

Abstract

Land degradation and desertification have become severe environmental problems in arid areas due to excessive use of water resources. It is urgent to reduce agricultural water use for ecological rehabilitation, which may result in a decrease in agricultural production and farmer’s welfare. This paper focused on the impacts of some main measures including extensions of water-saving irrigation, expanding solar green house and increasing off-farm employment, which are generally recognized to be important to alleviate water shortage and poverty. A bio-economic model is applied taking Minqin Oasis in Gansu Province as a case study site. Simulation results showed that the effect of expanding solar greenhouse was more positive than other ones so it drew more attention. On the view of the different effects between each irrigation zone, mixed policy patterns suitable for them are suggested. In Baqu, expanding solar greenhouse should be the most important, auxiliary with encouraging pipe irrigation. Inversely, with regard to Quanshan, the major attention should be paid to subsidy for pipe irrigation and it would be better to supply the off-farm employment opportunities to the households in Huqu, where the expanding of solar greenhouse should also be summoned. Finally, it should be noted that farmer’s income would only resume to 90% of the current level in the short run by putting more effort into local policies. Thus, the ecological compensation is needed to ensure farmer’s welfare.     

元谋干热河谷民营水土保持发展的驱动力研究

民营水土保持是当今水土保持生态建设中出现的一种新模式。以元谋干热河谷区为研究范围，通过对农户调查资料的分析，确定民营水土保持发展的驱动力因子为农户经济发展水平、农户兼业经济行为、农户家庭劳动力状况、农户经营规模、政府行为5大类，并对5大指标进行细化、量化，运用相关分析、因子分析等定量统计分析方法对元谋干热河谷区的民营水土保持发展的驱动力因子进行定量分析，结果表明，经济因子是影响民营水土保持发展的第一因子。     

内蒙古自治区国家重点生态功能区县域 生态环境质量考核工作现状与存在问题

2011年以来,国家环保部、财政部联合开展国家重点生态功能区县域生态环境质量的监测、评价与考核工作,考核结果为每年国家重点生态功能区转移支付资金调节提供技术支持。目前内蒙古自治区有35个县域纳入国家的考核名单,涉及防风固沙和水源涵养两种生态功能类型。本文就内蒙古自治区国家重点生态功能区县域生态环境质量考核工作的开展情况与存在的问题进行分析与探讨。     

基于RS与GIS通海县土地利用／土地覆盖变化研究

以1992年TM和2006年ETM＋影像提取通海县土地利用信息,根据最佳指数因子（OIF）的最佳组合波段,在最佳组合波段下利用遥感图像处理软件ERDAS9．2选择监督分类方法,获取通海县1992～2010年土地利用／土地覆盖变化信息。结果表明：15a来该地区土地利用程度加强：耕地、建设用地显著增加,水域面积虽有萎缩,但变化不大;驱动土地利用变化的主要因素是人口增长、城镇化水平提高与经济的快速发展。     

黟县乡村旅游深度开发研究

黟县乡村旅游资源丰富,旅游经济地位突出,但与打造"现代国际乡村旅游综合示范区"的目标尚有距离.在分析黟县乡村旅游发展现状的基础上,剖析了其存在的问题,并进一步从产品体系设计、基础设施建设、旅游环境保护和旅游管理水平等方面提出了相关建议,以期为黟县乡村旅游的深度开发提供有益参考.     

上海市松江镇饮用水水源区农牧业环境污染控制系统

本文系统研究了城乡结合部饮用水水源区的社会经济发展、污染成因、平原感潮河网水文及水质规律，以及污染治理技术和水环境管理。在此基础上进行综合考察与分析，并采用系统工程方法，通过计算机模拟，形成从数据采集到控制对策的实用技术系统。同时建立了以满足一定环境约束、取得最高生态环境效益的有３个层次共７个子模型构成的水环境管理模型，从理论和应用两方面解决经济发展与环境保护结合的问题。     

基于GIS和分形理论的土地利用空间格局分析——以闽侯县为例

以闽侯县1994年、2004年和2015年三期遥感影像为数据源,在RS、GIS和统计分析工具的支持下,运用分形理论研究时间序列上土地利用类型形态的复杂度与结构的稳定度,分析土地利用空间格局的变化,从而阐述不同土地利用类型的空间分布规律。结果表明:(1)研究期间内闽侯县的土地利用类型形态有了很大的变化,林地、耕地和未利用地面积大幅度减少,建设用地面积持续增加,水域面积变化不大;(2)整体分形维数保持下降趋势,从1994年的1.3504降到2015年的1.3333,说明空间格局总体向简单化、稳定化方向发展;(3)闽侯县各主要地类的分形维数和稳定性指数变化特点存在较大差异,耕地、林地和未利用地的分形维数持续下降,土地利用类型形态趋向规则;水域的分形维数先减后增,结构趋向稳定;建设用地的分形维数先增后减,空间结构整体趋于稳定,布局趋向合理化。土地利用的复杂性和稳定性受到人为因素的影响强烈,通过对土地利用空间格局演变的研究,可以为政府协调水土开发、区域土地合理利用以及优化土地利用结构提供支持。     

青阳县富硒土壤中硒的形态与水稻富硒的相关性研究

通过对青阳县富硒土壤中各形态硒的含量及种植水稻中硒的含量测定,研究青阳县富硒土壤中各形态硒的赋存分布特征,探讨水稻中硒含量及分布特点,同时对土壤中各形态的硒与水稻中硒的相关性进行研究。研究结果显示:青阳县富硒土壤中各形态硒的含量差异较大,其中强有机结合态、腐殖酸态和残渣态的硒,含量较高,占到总量的10%以上;而水溶态、离子态、铁锰态、碳酸盐态的硒含量较低,占总量比例皆低于5%;研究区水稻籽粒中硒的含量均值为0. 063 8 mg/kg高于全国平均水平0. 032 mg/kg,达到了国家富硒水稻的标准;水稻对土壤中硒的富集利用与土壤中硒的形态关系密切,当地土壤中水溶态和腐殖酸态的硒与水稻中硒的含量呈显著相关,而其它形态的硒相关性不明显,说明水稻吸收利用的主要是土壤中水溶态与腐殖酸态的硒。据此可以通过施加有机生物质的生产措施,增大土壤腐殖酸态硒的含量,提高土壤中有效硒的供给含量,以有利于水稻对土壤中硒的吸收富集,提高水稻中硒的含量。     

高原牧区草地变化对牧民粮食安全的影响——以青海省达日县为例

农业区和牧业区的粮食安全在概念上存在着一定的差别,在关注农业区粮食安全的同时,牧业区粮食安全的研究也值得重视。论文从青海省达日县牧区牧民食物能量折算入手,构建了最小人均草地面积和草地压力指数两个计算方法,并以乡为基本单元,对各乡粮食安全进行定量计算。计算结果表明:达日县1987-2007年最小人均草地面积和草地压力指数呈增加趋势,1997年粮食安全区、警戒区、短缺区、危机区4个等级均有分布,至2007年该区域已全部演变为粮食短缺区和危机区,主要原因是草地退化严重,人口数量增加,人均草地面积减少以及技术和物质投入不足,牧业生产条件恶化。