珠三角城市群人居环境高质量发展时空演化特征及影响因素

综合运用熵权法、协调度研究了2010—2019年珠三角城市群人居环境高质量发展时空演化特征,并采用障碍度分析了该城市群影响人居环境高质量发展的障碍因子。结果表明:①珠三角城市群人居环境高质量水平呈上升的态势,空间分布呈“屋脊”式格局,区域差异明显。②在人居环境高质量五大准则层中,除生态环境外,其他四大准则层均表现为波动上升态势,协调度呈现高质量低协调和低质量高协调两种差异。③公共基础服务、社会经济和居住环境对珠三角城市群人居环境高质量发展障碍度较大。     

漳河上游流域沉积物中磷的空间分布特征及其影响因素

漳河上游地区众多的水利工程改变了流域水循环,同时也影响了河流泥沙和生源物质的循环过程。为揭示人类活动干扰下的沉积物中磷的赋存特征,采用改进后的连续化学萃取法分析了漳河上游沉积物中总磷(TP)和磷形态的空间分布特征及其影响因素。研究结果表明,漳河上游沉积物中的TP含量为405.94~899.98 mg/kg,低于我国其他主要河流,接近我国东部平原湖泊含量水平。漳河上游的TP富集指数(PEI)均值为1.15,表明漳河上游富营养化风险较高。可交换态磷(Ex-P)、铁锰螯合态磷(BD-P)、铁铝氧化态磷(NaOH-P)、钙结合态磷(HCl-P)分别占沉积物中TP含量的1.13%、33.96%、12.99%、35.05%。BD-P和HCl-P是沉积物中主要的磷形态,Ex-P的含量最低,NaOH-P的含量波动最大。漳河上游沉积物中,生物可利用磷(BAP)的含量约占TP含量的38.36%~52.04%,其中,清漳干流的BAP含量明显低于其他河段。清漳源头的水土流失及浊漳河的磷输入对漳河上游BAP含量的贡献较大。统计分析显示,漳河上游表层沉积物中,TP和磷形态的空间分布无显著差异,表明以水利工程建设为代表的强烈人类活动对漳河上游沉积物中磷的空间分布的影响不显著。相关性分析和冗余分析表明,沉积物中的NaOH-P含量与沉积物中黏土和粉土的占比有较高的相关性,BD-P和NaOH-P是控制沉积物中BAP构成的重要因素,Fe含量是沉积物中TP含量的主控因子。     

扬尘污染精细化管控思路探讨

通过分析传统扬尘污染防治模式的弊端,提出了一种“精准监测、排量切入、总量考核、职责共担”的新模式。该模式在技术手段上使用以扬尘在线监测数据为基准的扬尘排放量计算模式,以及基于机器学习的扬尘源排放量计算方法,实现了扬尘排放量的自动、实时、在线计算;在管理手段上将传统的扬尘浓度点控制转变为易扬尘单位扬尘排量控制,通过总量控制、指标分解,增强了政府与企业对于环境效益的职责分工,有助于将扬尘防控责任有效落实,实现对扬尘污染的精细化、常态化管控。     

结构物震害预测的灰色贝叶斯方法

本文提出了一种结构物震害预测的新方法。该方法棋于贝叶斯理论和灰色系统理论，可以充分考虑到某类结构物震害所表现出的共性和某一特写结构物所具有的特殊性，能作出较全面的反映结构物实际状况的震害预测。     

多层递阶方法在变化环境下非一致性水文序列分析中的应用

由于受人类活动、气候等外界变化环境的影响,用于水资源评价计算的天然年径流量序列失去了一致性。为了适应变化环境对水文预报的要求,提出了基于时变参数的非一致性年径流序列的多层递阶预报方法。该方法不同于传统带固定参数的模型,它是将预报对象看作为随机动态时变系统,首先进行动态系统的时变参数预报,进而在参数预报基础之上对系统状态预报,从而提高了预测结果的可靠性。以闽江竹岐水文站为例,进行年径流量的中长期预报,为区域水资源的优化管理提供科学的依据。     

塔里木河下游输水前后NDVI差异分析

运用统计方法分析塔里木河下游英苏、喀尔达依、阿拉干三断面输水前后归一化植被指数(NDVI)的差异大小并推测河畔植被对输水的响应程度。结果表明:随着输水进行,研究区NDVI与地下水埋深逐渐呈负相关趋势,NDVI增幅随地下水埋深减小逐渐增大;输水前后相同断面NDVI差异极显著,根据输水前后NDVI差值大小确定植被恢复速度为:英苏>喀尔达依>阿拉干;各断面NDVI在输水前没有差异,输水后断面间NDVI差异显著,根据差异大小确定恢复程度顺序为英苏>喀尔达依>阿拉干;以大西海子水库周边NDVI为参照,确定经7年8次生态输水英苏、喀尔达依、阿拉干三断面植被恢复度分别为20.2%、18.4%和8.4%。以上研究表明,研究区植被恢复仍然有限,坚持持续输水很有必要。     

长江流域农业区非点源氮的平衡变化及其区域性差异

建立长江流域农业区氮平衡变化模型,并在该模型的基础上,计算长江流域各县1990和2000年的氮平衡变化,然后汇总出全流域氮的输入、输出及剩余量. 计算结果显示,全流域农业区1990年氮的输入量为7.65×106 t/a,输出量为4.23×106 t/a,剩余量为3.42×106 t/a(其中进入水体2.05×106 t/a,残留在土壤中1.37×106 t/a);2000年全流域农业区氮的输入量为10.22×106 t/a,输出量为5.44×106 t/a,剩余量为4.78×106 t/a(其中进入水体2.65×106 t/a,残留在土壤中2.13×106 t/a);1990—2000年长江流域农业区氮输入量增加2.57×106 t/a,氮输出量增加1.21×106 t/a,剩余量增加1.36×106 t/a(其中进入水体氮变化量为0.60×106 t/a,残留在土壤中氮变化量为0.76×106 t/a). 重庆、上海、武汉、无锡、南昌、成都等地区氮进入水体的量变化较大,为今后长江流域农业区水体氮污染重点防治区.      

珠江三角洲耕地土壤质量演化及其机制

通过对代表性区域的调查研究,探讨了珠江三角洲耕地土壤质量演化的趋势及其形成机制.结果表明,与第二次土壤普查时期(1980)比较,珠江三角洲耕地土壤有机质全氮稳中有降,土壤速效氮(NO_3~--N)、速效磷含量显著增加,已达丰富水平,土壤速效钾含量有所增加、但仍偏低,土壤有效镁、硼、钼仍严重缺乏,部分土壤有效硅、锰缺乏;伴随大量水田改种蔬菜、水果等经济作物而产生的耕作制度变化、利用强度增加以及相应的化学氮、磷肥料过量投入、蔬菜地施用石灰等管理措施等,是导致珠江三角洲耕地土壤有机质下降和产生新的养分非均衡化的主要影响因素.     

The effects of seston food quality on planktonic food web patterns

In planktonic food webs, the conversion rate of plant material to herbivore biomass is determined by a variety of factors such as seston biochemical/elemental composition, phytoplankton cell morphology, and colony architecture. Despite the overwhelming heterogeneity characterizing the plant–animal interface, plankton population models usually misrepresent the food quality constraints imposed on zooplankton growth. In this study, we reformulate the zooplankton grazing term to include seston food quality effects on zooplankton assimilation efficiency and examine its ramifications on system stability. Using different phytoplankton parameterizations with regards to growth strategies, light requirements, sinking rates, and food quality, we examined the dynamics induced in planktonic systems under varying zooplankton mortality/fish predation, light conditions, nutrient availability, and detritus food quality levels. In general, our analysis suggests that high food quality tends to stabilize the planktonic systems, whereas unforced oscillations (limit cycles) emerge with lower seston food quality. For a given phytoplankton specification and resource availability, the amplitude of the plankton oscillations is primarily modulated from zooplankton mortality and secondarily from the nutritional quality of the alternative food source (i.e., detritus). When the phytoplankton community is parameterized as a cyanobacterium-like species, conditions of high nutrient availability combined with high zooplankton mortality led to phytoplankton biomass accumulation, whereas a diatom-like parameterization resulted in relatively low phytoplankton to zooplankton biomass ratios highlighting the notion that high phytoplankton food quality allows the zooplankton community to sustain relatively high biomass and to suppress phytoplankton biomass to low levels. During nutrient and light enrichment conditions, both phytoplankton and detritus food quality determine the extent of the limit cycle region, whereas high algal food quality increases system resilience by shifting the oscillatory region towards lower light attenuation levels. Detritus food quality seems to regulate the amplitude of the dynamic oscillations following enrichment, when algal food quality is low. These results highlight the profitability of the alternative food sources for the grazer as an important predictor for the dynamic behavior of primary producer–grazer interactions in nature.     

Assessing spawning ground hydraulic suitability for Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) from horizontal mean vorticity in Yangtze River

The Chinese sturgeon, Acipenser sinensis, is an anadromous protected species. Its migration pattern has been blocked since the construction of Gezhouba dam and the length of the natural spawning site reduced to less than 7 km. However, the fish eventually established an alternative spawning ground in the narrow downstream reach of Gezhouba dam. In this article, we applied Delft3D-Flow model to simulate the hydraulic suitability of the spawning ground downstream Gezhouba dam. Horizontal mean vorticity was used to assess the hydraulic environment of spawning ground. The flow field state was determined through model simulation and field-measured data used to validate the model. The computational method was improved by calculating absolute horizontal mean vorticity from estimates the literature. The final vorticity was determined from the simulation output and its distribution pattern retrieved. The horizontal mean vorticity range was 0.71–4.61 10⁻³ s⁻¹ for the entire spawning grounds, with egg mass field upper limit of 1.0 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹. Vorticity strength selection of Chinese sturgeon spawning can enhance our understanding of egg fertilization rate, hence the protection of fertilized eggs. Furthermore, the results of the study would add to existing scientific database for spawning ground hydraulic environment protection, especially in the ecological regulation drive of the Three Gorges Reservoir.