Effects of the aquatic contaminant human pharmaceuticals and their mixtures on the proliferation and migratory responses of the bioindicator freshwater ciliate Tetrahymena

An increasing attention is paid to the potential harmful effects of aquatic contaminant pharmaceuticals exerted on both biosystems and humans. In the present work the effects of 14 pharmaceuticals including NSAIDs, antibiotics, β-blockers and a frequently used X-ray contrast media on the proliferation and migratory behavior of the freshwater ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis was investigated. Moreover, the mixture toxicity of four selected pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, ibuprofen, metoprolol and propranolol) was evaluated in binary mixtures using full factorial experimental design. Our results showed that the sensitivity of Tetrahymena to NSAIDs and β-blockers (EC₅₀ ranged from 4.8 mg L⁻¹ to 308.1 mg L⁻¹) was comparable to that of algal or Daphnia bioassays. Based on these elevated EC₅₀ values acute toxic effects of these pharmaceuticals to T. pyriformis are unlikely. Antibiotics and the contrast agent sodium-diatrizoate had no proliferation inhibiting effect. Chemotactic response of Tetrahymena was more sensible than proliferation as significant chemorepellent action was observed in the environmentally realistic concentration range for acetylsalicylic acid, diclofenac, fenoprofen, paracetamol, metoprolol, propranolol, timolol and trimethoprim (Chemotaxis Index ranged from 63% to 88%).Mixture toxicity experiments resulted in a complex, concentration dependent interaction type pattern with antagonism being the predominant interaction type (59%) followed by additivity (37%) and synergism (4%). Hence the concept of concentration addition validated for NSAIDs in other organisms cannot be adopted for this ciliate.In summary authors suggest Tetrahymena as a sensible model of testing aquatic contaminants as well as underline the significance using more specific endpoints to understand the complex mechanisms investigated.     

A comparison of mixture toxicity assessment: examining the chronic toxicity of atrazine, permethrin and chlorothalonil in mixtures to Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia

Pesticides predominantly occur in aquatic ecosystems as mixtures of varying complexity, yet relatively few studies have examined the toxicity of pesticide mixtures. Atrazine, chlorothalonil and permethrin are widely used pesticides that have different modes of action. This study examined the chronic toxicities (7-d reproductive impairment) of these pesticides in binary and ternary mixtures to the freshwater cladoceran Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia. The toxicity of the mixtures was compared to that predicted by the independent action (IA) model for mixtures, as this is the most appropriate model for chemicals with different modes of action. Following this they were compared to the toxicity predicted by the concentration addition (CA) model for mixtures. According to the IA model, the toxicity of the chlorothalonil plus atrazine mixture conformed to antagonism, while that of chlorothalonil and permethrin conformed to synergism. The toxicity of the atrazine and permethrin mixture as well as the ternary mixture conformed to IA implying there was either no interaction between the components of these mixtures and/or in the case of the ternary mixture the interactions cancelled each other out to result in IA. The synergistic and antagonistic mixtures deviated from IA by factors greater than 3 and less than 2.5, respectively. When the toxicity of the mixtures was compared to the predictions of the CA model, the binary mixture of chlorothalonil plus atrazine, permethrin plus atrazine and the ternary mixture all conformed to antagonism, while the binary mixture of chlorothalonil plus permethrin conformed to CA. Using the CA model provided estimates of mixture toxicity that did not markedly underestimate the measured toxicity, unlike the IA model, and therefore the CA model is the most suitable to use in ecological risk assessments of these pesticides.     

HPLC法测定复方甘草合剂中甘草苷的含量

建立HPLC法测定了复方甘草合剂中甘草苷的含量.以Shim-pack CLC-DOS 150mm×4.6mm(5μm)为分析柱,乙腈-0.5 醋酸(15∶85)为流动相,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为276nm,采用外标法定量测定.结果表明,甘草苷在5～25μg·ml-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9998);其高、中、低3个量的平均回收率分别为99.57%、99.41%、98.76%,RSD分别为0.46%、0.72%、0.69%(n=6).本方法简便可靠,重现性好,可作为复方甘草合剂质量控制方法.     

Effects of atrazine on acetylcholinesterase activity in midges (Chironomus tentans) exposed to organophosphorus insecticides

Acetylcholinesterase activity was determined for midge larvae (Chironomus tentans) exposed to either organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) alone or OP insecticides in binary combination with atrazine (200 μg/l). Although atrazine by itself did not reduce the level of acetylcholinesterase activity, atrazine in combination with chlorpyrifos significantly decreased acetylcholinesterase activity as compared to chlorpyrifos only treatments. Although similar trends existed for malathion and methyl parathion, differences were not statistically significant. These results match previously published toxicity data where atrazine, although not acutely toxic even at much higher levels, decreased EC₅₀ values for chlorpyrifos by a magnitude of 4, decreased methyl parathion values by a magnitude of 2, and did not decrease values for malathion.     

落地油泥污染及油土分离处理的工艺研究

对落地油泥的组成、性质及其对环境的污染进行了调查和分析;根据落地油泥油土分离小型试验的结果,进行了0.5t/h油土分离的放大试验。     

氯气和二氧化氯混合组分的分别测定

氯气和二氧化氯气体共存时，用现有的分析方法不能分别测定，采用甲基橙比色法和硝酸银比浊法分别测定氯气和二氧化氯的总量，然后根据各自的反应原理和标准曲线方程建立二元一次方程组。通过求方程组的解，得到氯气和二氧化氯各自的含量，同时还研究了冷阱分离法，并对两种方法的测定结果进行了比较。     

Effects of multiple but low pesticide loads on aquatic fungal communities colonizing leaf litter

In the first tier risk assessment (RA) of pesticides, risk for aquatic communities is estimated by using results from standard laboratory tests with algae, daphnids and fish for single pesticides such as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. However, fungi as key organisms for nutrient cycling in ecosystems as well as multiple pesticide applications are not considered in the RA. In this study, the effects of multiple low pesticide pulses using regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) on the dynamics of non-target aquatic fungi were investigated in a study using pond mesocosm. For that, fungi colonizing black alder (Alnus glutinosa) leaves were exposed to multiple, low pulses of 11 different pesticides over a period of 60 days using a real farmer''s pesticide application protocol for apple cropping. Four pond mesocosms served as treatments and 4 as controls. The composition of fungal communities colonizing the litter material was analyzed using a molecular fingerprinting approach based on the terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (t-RFLP) of the fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) gene(s). Our data indicated a clear fluctuation of fungal communities based on the degree of leaf litter degradation. However significant effects of the applied spraying sequence were not observed. Consequently also degradation rates of the litter material were not affected by the treatments. Our results indicate that the nutrient rich environment of the leaf litter material gave fungal communities the possibility to express genes that induce tolerance against the applied pesticides. Thus our data may not be transferred to other fresh water habitats with lower nutrient availability.     

化工厂场地酸化土壤工程化中和修复案例研究

对江苏某化工厂酸化地块进行了氧化钙中和修复工程研究。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号地块剖面混合土样pH值分别为3.56、4.68和4.74,土壤修复目标定在pH值为6~8基本近中性。通过室内试验确定Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号地块土壤生石灰掺混比例为0.5%、0.3%和0.3%;现场中试后Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ号地块石灰掺混比例调整为0.7%、0.35%和0.3%;中试结果用于场地机械搅拌工程修复,修复过程中定期随机采样对中和效果进行连续监测。监测结果基本达标后请第三方对修复效果进行评估,最后土壤回填压实。修复结果表明借助于科学的石灰添加量和工程机械混合措施,能快速有效地修复酸化地块土壤。     

含油污水浮选剂的评选

为解决目前炼油厂以聚合铝（ＰＡＣ）作浮选剂时所出现的试剂用量大、浮选效果差、浮渣量多、除油率低、出水水质差等问题，用江汉油田石油化工厂含油污水为样品，在实验室和现场模拟试验的条件下，评选出能降低出水水中主要污染物浓度的复配优化配方，并对此配方的经济实用性进行了评述。     

A novel method dependent only on the mixture information (MIM) for evaluating the toxicity of mixture

Compound contamination and toxicity interaction necessitate the development of models that have an insight into the combined toxicity of chemicals. In this paper, a novel and simple model dependent only on the mixture information (MIM), was developed. Firstly, the concentration-response data of seven groups of binary and multi-component (pseudo-binary) mixtures with different mixture ratios to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 were determined using the microplate toxicity analysis. Then, a desirable non-linear function was selected to fit the data. It was found that there are good linear correlations between the location parameter (α) and mixture ratio (p) of a component and between the steepness (β) and p. Based on the correlations, a mixture toxicity model independent of pure component toxicity profiles was built. The model can be used to accurately estimate the toxicities of the seven groups of mixtures, which greatly simplified the predictive procedure of the combined toxicity.