Insights on the solubilization products after combined alkaline and ultrasonic pre-treatment of sewage sludge

This work provides insights on the solubilization products after a simultaneous combination of alkaline and ultrasonic(ALK + ULS) pre-treatment of sewage sludge.Soluble chemical oxygen demand(SCOD) increased from 1200 to 11,000 mg/L after such treatment. Organics with molecular weight around 5.6 k Da were solubilized because of the synergistic effect of ultrasound and alkali. Organics with molecular weight larger than300 k Da increased from 7.8% to 60%, 16% and 42.3% after ULS, ALK and ALK + ULS treatment, respectively. Excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy analysis identified soluble microbial product-like and humic acid-like matters as the main solubilization products. Sludge anaerobic biodegradability was significantly enhanced with the simultaneous application of ALK + ULS pre-treatment. ALK + ULS pre-treatment resulted in 37.8% biodegradability increase compared to the untreated sludge. This value was higher compared to the biodegradability increase induced by individual ALK pre-treatment(5.7%) or individual ULS pre-treatment(20.7%) under the same conditions applied.     

分子生物学在生物强化处理环境污染物中的应用

综述了分子生物学的相关技术在生物强化处理环境污染物中的应用，主要包括：通过分子生物技术育种、筛选、构建高效降解污染物微生物菌株；提供更科学、快捷、准确多样的环境监测和环境评价技术手段；探索微生物与环境污染物间的相互关系，及微生物降解污染物的有关基因定位，相关主要技术有：核酸探针检测、DNA-DNA杂交，rRNA和rRNA基因序列分析。质粒指纹图谱分析、聚合酶链式反应（PCR）、低分子量PNA分布图及由PCR技术发展而带动的基因多态性技术，如变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）、随机扩增多态性DNA技术（RAPD）等。     

Experimental and molecular dynamic simulation study of perfluorooctane sulfonate adsorption on soil and sediment components

Soil and sediment play a crucial role in the fate and transport of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the environment. However, the molecular mechanisms of major soil/sediment components on PFOS adsorption remain unclear. This study experimentally isolated three major components in soil/sediment: humin/kerogen, humic/fulvic acid (HA/FA), and inorganic component after removing organics, and explored their contributions to PFOS adsorption using batch adsorption experiments and molecular dynamic simulations. The results suggest that the humin/kerogen component dominated the PFOS adsorption due to its aliphatic featureswhere hydrophobic effect and phase transfer are the primary adsorptionmechanism. Compared with the humin/kerogen, the HA/FA component contributed less to the PFOS adsorption because of its hydrophilic and polar characteristics. The electrostatic repulsion between the polar groups of HA/FA and PFOS anions was attributable to the reduced PFOS adsorption.When the soil organicmatterwas extracted, the inorganic component also plays a non-negligible role because PFOS molecules might form surface complexes on SiO₂ surface. The findings obtained in this study illustrate the contribution of organic matters in soils and sediments to PFOS adsorption and provided newperspective to understanding the adsorption process of PFOS on micro-interface in the environment.     

浅谈我国水生生物监测技术规范的修订

根据全国实现生物监测基本任务以及有效服务于环境管理的需要,剖析了我国水生生物监测技术规范的局限性,提出调整和完善监测项目及指标,调整监测频率,改进监测方法等若干修订意见建议对一份样品或一个试验,同时测定包括分子、细胞、器官、个体、种群乃至生态系统水平的多项指标,特别应注意增加分子生态毒理学方面指标,以突出生物监测的早期预报作用。     

MNLR and ANN structural group contribution methods for predicting the flash point temperature of pure compounds in the transportation fuels range

A QSPR method is presented for predicting the flash point temperature (FPT) of pure compounds in the transportation fuels range. A structural group contribution method is used to determine the flash point temperature using two techniques: multivariable nonlinear regression and artificial neural networks. The method was used to probe the structural groups that have significant contribution to the overall FPT of pure compounds and arrive at the set of 37 atom-type structural groups that can best represent the flash point for about 375 substances. The input parameters to the model are the number of occurrence of each of the 37 structural groups in each molecule. The neural network method was the better of the two techniques and can predict the flash point of pure compounds merely from the knowledge of the molecular structure with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.996 and overall average and maximum errors of 1.12% and 6.62%, respectively. The results are compared to the more traditional approach of the SGC method along with other methods in the literature.     

生物大分子加合物的检测及其在环境风险性评价中应用

环境中化学物质对人体致癌的风险性评价对于预防人类疾病和控制环境污染具有非常重要的意义。而反映暴露水平与生物效应的生物标记物研究不仅是导向预防研究的核心内容，也是环境致癌物风险评价的重要手段。传统的有毒化学物监测方法在研究人群暴露和危险度评价时得到的仅为近似接触量，而对个体在吸收、代谢、排泄，生物利用上的差异不能提供任何信息，分子生物标记物可用于检测生物暴露于环境致癌物的剂量和效应，生物体的遗传性或诱发性的敏感性差异，以及由环境致癌物引发的各种疾病的早期诊断，不仅提供个体有效接触量，还能提供许多化学物质结构与毒性之间关系及毒物代谢动力学方面的信息。与其他手段相比，分子生物标志物作为指示污染物危害效应的生物信号，其检测是从以往测定环境中化学物的含量估计生物体的接触水平，发展到直接检测化学物与生物受体结合产物的一种方法。文章对分子生物标志物一生物大分子加合物(如DNA，RNA，蛋白质加合物等)的形成机理以及在环境风险评价中的应用进行了综述：介绍了几种生物大分子加合物的检测方法，并对各种方法的特点进行评述，讨论了目前分子生物标志物研究存在的问题，并展望了该领域的应用前景。     

有机污染物分子连接指数与角质层同水分配系数的相关性

本文对价分子连接指数(~m~vX)的计算方法作了简要介绍,着重讨论了有机污染物三阶价分子连接指数(~3~vX)与其角质层同水分配系数(Kcw)的关系。结果表明:~3~vX与logKcw存在良好的线性关系、Kcw主要受其分子的结构特征如氯取代基、烃链和芳香环的影响。本文介绍的分子连接指数模型为一准确预测有机污染物的Kcw值的有效工具。     

Prenatal diagnosis of Huntington's disease (HD): Experiences with six cases and PCR

In the course of a 2-year predictive testing programme for Huntington's disease (HD), six couples from a total of 52 applicants requested prenatal testing. In each case, the pregnancy was in the first or second trimester when the couples were referred for DNA diagnosis. In five cases, exclusion testing was offered; in one case, a person at risk with an increased risk of being a gene carrier requested prenatal diagnosis. In all cases, informative markers for prenatal testing could be determined. Whenever possible, the newer technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for D4S125 was applied to perform rapid prenatal diagnosis. Two couples withdrew before chorionic villus sampling was undertaken; prenatal diagnosis was completed in the remaining four cases. After exclusion testing, two pregnancies were determined to have an increased risk and two fetuses to have a low risk of being HD gene carriers.     

芘荧光探针法研究壳聚糖絮凝机理

芘荧光光谱中的峰Ⅲ /Ⅰ比值是一个特征值 ,可表征芘分子吸附的壳聚糖高分子微环境的极性。本文首次测试了不同脱乙酰度壳聚糖溶液中芘的荧光光谱图 ,并将不同分子量和不同脱乙酰度的荧光光谱中的峰Ⅲ /Ⅰ比值与絮凝实验结果联系起来 ,探索壳聚糖的絮凝机理。结果发现 :壳聚糖脱乙酰度对絮凝效果影响不大 ,而分子量是影响絮凝效果的关键性分子结构参数 ;脱乙酰度的变化对壳聚糖微环境极性影响不大 ,从而得出电中和作用在壳聚糖絮凝过程中不发挥重要作用的结论     

Contribution of motor vehicle emissions to organic carbon and fine particle mass in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Effects of varying source profiles and seasonal trends in ambient marker concentrations

We present estimates of the vehicular contribution to ambient organic carbon (OC) and fine particle mass (PM) in Pittsburgh, PA using the chemical mass balance (CMB) model and a large dataset of ambient molecular marker concentrations. Source profiles for CMB analysis are selected using a method of comparing the ambient ratios of marker species with published profiles for gasoline and diesel vehicle emissions. The ambient wintertime data cluster on a hopanes/EC ratio–ratio plot, and therefore can be explained by a large number of different source profile combinations. In contrast, the widely varying summer ambient ratios can be explained by a more limited number of source profile combinations. We present results for a number of different CMB scenarios, all of which perform well on the different statistical tests used to establish the quality of a CMB solution. The results illustrate how CMB estimates depend critically on the marker-to-OC and marker-to-PM ratios of the source profiles. The vehicular contribution in the winter is bounded between 13% and 20% of the ambient OC (274±56–416±72 ng-C m⁻³). However, variability in the diesel profiles creates uncertainty in the gasoline–diesel split. On an OC basis, one set of scenarios suggests gasoline dominance, while a second set indicates a more even split. On a PM basis, all solutions indicate a diesel-dominated split. The summer CMB solutions do not present a consistent picture given the seasonal shift and wide variation in the ambient hopanes-to-EC ratios relative to the source profiles. If one set of source profiles is applied to the entire dataset, gasoline vehicles dominate vehicular OC in the winter but diesel dominates in the summer. The seasonal pattern in the ambient hopanes-to-EC ratios may be caused by photochemical decay of hopanes in the summer or by seasonal changes in vehicle emission profiles.