青藏高原生态资产的价值评估

论文根据一系列1∶1000000自然资源专题图,把青藏高原生态资产划分为森林、草地、农田、湿地、水面、荒漠6个一级类型,应用GIS技术进行了数据处理与统计分析,编制了青藏高原1∶4000000自然资产图。生态资产价值评估以Costanza等人(1997)对全球生态系统服务价值评估的部分成果为参考,同时综合了对我国专业人士进行的生态问卷调查结果,建立了中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表。以此表为基础,通过生物量等因子的校正,对青藏高原不同生态资产的服务价值进行了估算,结果表明,青藏高原生态系统每年的生态服务价值为9363.9×10⁸元/年,占全国生态系统每年服务价值的17.68%,全球的0.61%。在青藏高原生态系统每年提供的生态服务价值中,土壤形成与保护价值最高,占19.3%;其次是废物处理价值,占16.8%;水源涵养价值占16.5%,生物多样性维持的价值占16%。高原不同生态系统类型中,森林生态系统和草地生态系统对青藏高原生态系统总服务价值的贡献最大,贡献率分别为31.3%和48.3%。     

京津冀区域清洁取暖的支付意愿和影响因素

通过对北京、保定、太原、晋城等城市的农村地区实地走访和问卷调查,获取农村居民的清洁取暖支付意愿情况,基于条件价值评估法构建多元回归模型,对居民清洁取暖支付意愿及其影响因素进行测算分析.结果表明,80％以上的受访者对清洁取暖补贴政策有所了解,但有32.8％的受访者对现行补贴标准表示不满,受访者清洁取暖支付意愿平均为292...     

广东鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合生态系统生态服务功能价值评估

鹤山丘陵地“林-果-草-鱼”复合农林生态系统是1986年建立在退化丘陵地,利用物质与能量循环流动等生态学原理,进行构建和恢复而成功的实例,本文采用物质量和价值量相结合的评价方法,首次选取复合农林业系统进行评价,首次对广东鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合农林生态系统的生态服务功能进行价值评估。结果表明,广东鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合生态系统总体指标显著优越,其服务价值功能达2397.9783万元,在维持大气平衡、固土保肥、涵养水源等方面具有重要的作用。其间接生态服务功能价值远远大于直接生态服务功能价值,比值约为31∶1。而维持大气平衡服务价值是鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合生态系统的主要部分,占总体服务价值的96.626%,而木材生产等直接经济价值仅占总价值的3.135%。由此,直接经济价值并不是其服务价值的主要部分,应充分发挥鹤山林-果-草-鱼复合生态系统的其他生态服务功能,加强对间接生态服务功能价值的理解和保护,从长远策划和开发土地来达到长远而合理的利益收获。     

基于利益相关方意愿调查的东江流域生态补偿机制探讨

流域生态补偿已经成为解决流域生态环境保护问题、协调流域上下游利益冲突的重要手段之一。以东江流域为例,通过实地问卷调查和条件价值评估法评估流域上下游利益相关方生态补偿意愿,并探讨构建东江流域生态补偿机制。流域生态补偿意愿调查结果表明,流域内居民对东江流域生态环境保护有很高的积极性,对建立流域生态补偿机制有较高的认同度;下游地区城市居民平均支付意愿为332.7-364.5元/（年·户）,上游农民对于林地保护的平均受偿意愿为360.75元/（年·hm^2）;通过回归分析发现,受教育水平、收入、自来水水质对支付意愿影响显著,而受偿意愿受性别和受教育水平影响明显;充分考虑并协调好流域上下游利益相关方的诉求对东江流域生态环境保护和生态补偿机制的建立有着重要的现实意义。     

Private Actions and Preferences for Coordinated Groundwater Conservation in Colorado's Republican River Basin

Conservation of groundwater resources is critical for maintaining the future productivity of irrigated land in the Ogallala Aquifer Region and beyond. This research explores motivations and behavior related to groundwater conservation among agricultural producers in the Colorado portion of the Republican River Basin, which is part of the Ogallala Aquifer. The empirical modeling uses data from a recently conducted survey to analyze how a common set of producer, farm, and resource characteristics influence groundwater values, concern for future groundwater availability, private conservation actions, and support for coordinated conservation efforts. We find two factors, producer age and land owner status, are consistently correlated with the key conservation‐related outcomes we evaluate. More generally, the results suggest considerable similarities in the characteristics that drive private conservation actions and support for coordinated conservation. This knowledge could be used to better target and incentivize future groundwater conservation efforts in the region. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.     

环境与生态系统服务价值的WTA/WTP不对称

支付意愿(WTP)和受偿意愿(WTA)是条件价值法(CVM)研究中环境与生态系统服务价值的两类不同表征尺度,对同一环境物品的WTP和WTA往往存在显著不对称性.以上海某城市河流生态系统服务评价为例,基于CVM研究方法,对WTP和WTA进行了对比分析和探讨.研究表明:(1)WTP和WTA的不对称性在案例研究中得到反映,WTA/WTP的平均值比值为7.02,中点值比值为6.18,两个比例与国际已有研究的一般范围较为接近;(2)WTA不受收入等变量约束,但受学历、家庭人口等变量的影响,尤其与WTP呈显著正向关联,显示WTA作为环境资源价值的表征尺度亦可能具有一定有效性;(3)WTA/WTP不对称的主要决定因素为收入和学历.WTA/WTP不对称的一个重要环境管理学含义在于,破坏或污染相同质量或数量的环境资源所引起的福利损失,将远大于保护和改善环境资源所引起的福利改进,而不是两者相等.     

池塘养殖生态系统空气调节服务价值的实证研究

生态服务价值的评估对于研究人员、政策制定者和公众都有重大意义,而农业生态系统价值往往集中于食物的供给价值,而生态系统的调控服务价值、支持服务价值和文化服务价值往往被忽略。空气调控服务属于生态系统调控服务中的一种,通过按季度检测池塘养殖水体的叶绿素a含量,计算养殖池塘的初级生产力,再以工业制氧法、碳税法和造林成本法估算了常规鱼类池塘养殖生态系统空气调节服务价值。结果表明：常规鱼类池塘养殖生态系统空气调节服务总价值为63 42248 yuan/a〖DK1〗·hm2。考虑到系统内部耗氧和向系统外释放含碳气体导致的价值损失,常规鱼类池塘养殖生态系统空气调节服务总净价值为28 88674 yuan/a〖DK1〗·hm2,其中固碳净价值为 25 46328 yuan/a〖DK1〗·hm2,释放氧气的净价值为3 42346 yuan/a〖DK1〗·hm2。相较44 0221 yuan/a〖DK1〗·hm2的池塘养殖水产品的市场价值,空气调节服务价值超过养殖水产品市场价值的一半以上,表明池塘养殖的生态服务价值对人类社会的贡献不可忽视。研究认为,由于池塘藻类的高增长率,常规水产池塘养殖系统空气调节服务价值高于一些种植业生态系统的空气调节服务价值。     

Indirect assessment of economic damages from the Prestige oil spill: consequences for liability and risk prevention

The social losses arising from the Prestige oil spill exceed the compensation granted under the IOPC (International Oil Pollution Compensation) system, with losses estimated at 15 times more than the applicable limit of compensations. This is far above the level of costs for which those responsible for hydrocarbons spills are liable. The highest market losses correspond to sectors of extraction, elaboration and commercialisation of seafood. However, damages to non-commercial natural resources could constitute an outstanding group of losses for which further primary data are needed: these losses would only be compensable under the current system by means of a refund for cleaning and restoration costs. Results show that, in Europe, the responsibility for oil spills in maritime transport is limited and unclear. The consequence of this is net social losses from recurrent oil spills and internationally accepted incentives for risky strategies in the marine transport of hydrocarbons.     

A Benefit‐Cost Analysis of Total Maximum Daily Load Implementation1

Abstract: Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) implementation generates benefits and costs from water quality improvements, which are rarely quantified. This analysis examines a TMDL written to address bacteria and aquatic‐life‐use impairments on Abrams and Opequon Creeks in Virginia. Benefits were estimated using a contingent valuation survey of local residents. Costs were based on the number and type of best management practices (BMPs) necessary to achieve TMDL pollution reduction goals. BMPs were quantified using watershed‐scale water quality simulation models (Generalized Watershed Loading Function and Hydrological Simulation Program‐FORTRAN). Based on our projections, the costs to achieve TMDL induced pollution reduction goals outweigh the estimated benefits. Benefit‐cost ratios ranged between 0.1 and 0.3.     

Development of a Concept for Non-monetary Assessment of Urban Ecosystem Services at the Site Level

Determining the performance of ecosystem services at the city or regional level cannot accurately take into account the fine differences between green or gray structures. The supply of regulating ecosystem services in, for instance, parks can differ as parks vary in their land cover composition. A comprehensive ecosystem service assessment approach also needs to reflect land use to consider the demands placed on ecosystem services, which are mostly neglected by current research yet important for urban planning. For instance, if a sealed surface is no longer used, it could be unsealed to improve ecosystem service supply. Because of these scientific shortcomings, this article argues for a conceptual framework for the non-monetary assessment of urban ecosystem services at the site scale. This paper introduces a standardized method for selecting representative sites and evaluating their supply of and demand on ecosystem services. The conceptual design is supplemented by examples of Salzburg, Austria.