A study of a sustainable greenway approach for a part of the Silk Road in Turkey

The article describes different steps and methodologies to create an alternative greenway with recreational, scenic, historical and cultural values in Hamsiköy-Zigana, part of Trabzon-Gümü?hane former state highway. As a first step, inventory studies and analyses were carried out to determine the cultural and natural values of the area. As the second step, area analyses studies were carried out. Depending on results of expert-based visual assessment and suitability analyses for determining the suitability of greenway planning in the study area; recreational, scenic, historical–cultural and multifunctional status of the greenway having all these three functions at the same time were mapped using suitability rank in GIS and the plan square technique. As a result, the plan squares having high suitability for the above functions were dense in the determined study, in terms of old highway and neighbourhood. In the whole area (4385.25 ha), 598.00 ha were ranked as good (A), 770.27 ha as medium (B) and 3016.98 ha as poor (C), in terms of suitability value. Seasonal assessments for recreation and scenery functions of A, B and C indicate that the area has opportunities for all seasons. As a third step, the results are discussed and some proposals suggested.     

Numerical Simulations on the Effect of Sea–Land Breezes on Atmospheric Haze over the Pearl River Delta Region

The atmospheric haze over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) was investigated by using the Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality modeling system with meteorological fields simulated by the Fifth-generation National Center for Atmospheric Research/Penn State University Mesoscale Model (MM5) from September 26th to September 30th, 2004. The model-simulated meteorological elements and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM₁₀) were compared with observations at four air quality-monitoring stations. The results showed that MM5 successfully reproduced the diurnal variations of temperature, wind speed, and wind directions at these stations. The temporal variations of the simulated values were consistent with those of the observed (such as temperature, wind speed, and wind direction). The correlation coefficient was 0.91 for temperature and 0.56 for wind speed. The modeling results show that the spatial distributions of simulated PM₁₀ were closely related to the source emissions indicating three maxima of PM₁₀ over the PRD. The sea–land breezes diurnal cycle played a significant role in the redistribution and transport of PM₁₀. Nighttime land breeze could transport PM₁₀ to the coast and the sea, while daytime sea breeze (SB) could carry the accumulated PM₁₀ offshore back to the inland cities. PM₁₀ could also be transported vertically to a height of up to about 1000 m because of strong turbulence in the SB front. Process analyses indicated that the emission sources and the vertical diffusion were the major processes to influence the concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5).     

Spectroscopic changes on fulvic acids from a kraft pulp mill effluent caused by sun irradiation

Large volumes of wastewater with a high organic load are generated by the pulp and paper industry that negatively affect the quality of receiving waters. The main waste products in the pulp mill effluents are lignin derived macromolecular compounds, which are similar to natural humic substances and very resistant to wastewater treatments. Fulvic acids (FA) represent the higher percentage of these humic substances and it was observed that solar irradiation modify their properties. Several analytic tools, namely, UV–Visible, molecular fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopies, were used to assess the effect of solar exposition on fulvic acids from a kraft pulp mill effluent. It may be concluded that sun irradiation may alter to a high extent the physicochemical properties of macromolecular organic matter, namely fulvic acids, released by kraft pulp mill effluents. After solar exposition, the aromaticity decreases, the aliphatic structures become more oxygenated, and the fulvic acids from the pulp mill effluent remaining in solution are more similar to aquatic fulvic acids from non polluted sites.     

基于生态足迹分析的区域旅游可持续发展定量评价研究——以开封市为例

如何测度旅游业的可持续发展,一直是旅游学研究的热点,也是旅游研究方法中的难点.探讨了旅游可持续发展定量评价的生态足迹分析法,并以开封市为研究对象,对生态足迹模型在区域旅游业可持续发展定量评价中的运用进行了实证研究.研究表明:2004年开封市人均生态旅游足迹为0.02244 hm2,其中交通足迹最大,占到90.52%;其次是餐饮,为6.51%,其生态占用率为0.54.旅游发展基本处于一种可持续发展的状态下,旅游活动对旅游环境的压力基本在旅游承载力范围内,生态环境维持在良好的状态下,生态系统是安全的,但也必须注意环境的保护.采用综合指数法、模糊综合评判法,通过建立相应的评价模型分别对开封市2004年的旅游地生态安全状况进行评判,其结果分别为0.641和0.6496,二者均表明开封市旅游处于一种较为安全状态下,这说明研究的结果较为合理.     

深圳荔枝湖富营养化成因和总磷模型分析

通过9个月水质连续监测,分析了深圳荔枝湖污染来源和负荷.外源污染主要来自雨水管网溢流,降雨后湖水水质急剧恶化,TP浓度可高达0.347 mg/L.底泥释放试验表明,总氮第1周平均释放速率为0.036 8 g,(m2·d),磷源在好氧条件下释放较少.并建立荔枝湖四湖总磷串联模型,通过2组实测数据进行校验,计算结果和实测值吻合;在此基础上,用模型分析,设计初始条件下,采用组合治理工艺每天连续运行24 h,则需要2.18 d可将荔枝湖各湖TP浓度恢复为0.1 mg/L以下,达Ⅳ类地表水标准.     

Echoes from the Past: A Healthy Baltic Sea Requires More Effort

Integrated sediment multiproxy studies and modeling were used to reconstruct past changes in the Baltic Sea ecosystem. Results of natural changes over the past 6000 years in the Baltic Sea ecosystem suggest that forecasted climate warming might enhance environmental problems of the Baltic Sea. Integrated modeling and sediment proxy studies reveal increased sea surface temperatures and expanded seafloor anoxia (in deep basins) during earlier natural warm climate phases, such as the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Under future IPCC scenarios of global warming, there is likely no improvement of bottom water conditions in the Baltic Sea. Thus, the measures already designed to produce a healthier Baltic Sea are insufficient in the long term. The interactions between climate change and anthropogenic impacts on the Baltic Sea should be considered in management, implementation of policy strategies in the Baltic Sea environmental issues, and adaptation to future climate change.     

强度折减有限元法中边坡失稳的塑性区判据及其应用

将抗剪强度折减法基本概念、弹塑性有限元分析原理与计算结果图形实时显示技术相结合,提出了以广义塑性应变及塑性开展区作为边坡失稳的评判依据,并与以非线性迭代收敛条件作为失稳评判指标的强度折减有限元方法进行了对比。对于天然垂直边坡的算例数值分析表明,采用广义塑性应变与塑性开展区作为失稳判据可以比较准确地预测边坡潜在破坏面的形状与位置及相应的稳定安全系数,验证了这种失稳判据的合理性。对开挖边坡和开挖支护边坡的实例计算结果表明本文方法对于复杂的边坡稳定性分析是实用的。     

Development of double-variable seismic fragility functions for oil refinery piping systems

Seismic risk assessment of piping systems, as a group of vulnerable facilities in oil refineries, is mostly based on the single-variable fragility curves. However, it is well-known that the fragility curves, developed based on a single intensity measure (IM), are not much reliable. For increasing the confidence level of seismic risk assessment of piping systems, it was tried, in this study, to develop double-variable fragility functions by using peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak ground velocity (PGV) together as the IMs. For this purpose, the piping system of the ISOMAX Unit of Tehran oil refinery was considered, and modeled by a powerful finite element analysis program under various loadings, including gravity, pressure and seismic loads. For seismic analyses 157 set of three-component earthquake records were employed, with PGA and PGV values varying respectively from around 0.1 g–0.6 g and 10 cm/s to 60 cm/s. By using the nonlinear time histories analyses results, two single-IM fragility curves and one double-IM fragility surface were developed based on the probability of exceedance of the maximum created stress, considered as the ‘damage index’, from the allowable stress. The results indicate that using PGA and PGV jointly, as the IMs in the development of fragility functions, provides more reliable vulnerability estimations. For example, the single-IM fragility function gives, for PGA = 0.2 g, a probability of exceedance of 75%, while by using the double-IM fragility function this probability may change from 30% for PGV = 10 cm/s to 95% for PGV = 60 cm/s.     

电除尘器电场特性实验研究与数值分析

数值分析是研究电除尘器电场特性的重要手段,有助于电除尘器电极配置的设计选型以及提高其供电控制水平。本文在实验的基础上,建立和求解电晕电场的数学模型,采用有限元有限差分法对RS线的电晕电场进行计算,计算结果与实验测试结果基本吻合。     

无毒防污涂层表面化学结构的研究

对几种含氟和有机硅氧烷的涂层进行了静岛,厦门２海域的浅海浸泡试验。利用ＦＴ－ＩＲ反射红外Ｘ光电子能谱对防污涂层的表面化学结构进行了表征,得了涂层表现的有机氧迷是造成涂层具有良好的防污性的根本原因。