"南泰27"火灾事故分析及有关问题的探讨

通过对“南泰27”轮载运集装箱危险货物发生火灾事故的调查处理和事故分析,提出了加强管理的对策和处置此类事故中应注意的问题。     

喀斯特峡谷石漠化地区生态重建模式及其效应

贵州碳酸岩盐出露面积达12万多km^2，占全省国土总面积的73％，是我国喀斯特地貌最发育的省份；山多坡陡，人地矛盾尖锐，生态环境极为脆弱，水土流失和石漠化问题突出，是我国石漠化面积最大、危害最严重的省份。石漠化地区缺水少土，属于造林困难地带和生态治理的重点地区。文章以喀斯特石漠化发育典型的花江大峡谷右岸的贞丰县兴北镇顶坛片区为例，在阐述顶坛片区的自然环境条件及石漠化现状的基础上，详细分析了目前正在实施的几种石漠化生态治理模式，对这几种模式的效益进行了对比研究，指出了它们的优点与存在问题，并提出了相应的对策建议。     

染料废水生物降解的产物分析

介绍了含酸性蒽醌蓝324染料废水在兼氧-好氧系统中的生物转化.产物分析结果表明:80.5%的母体染料大分子能在兼氧条件下降解成较为简单的中间产物,并且这些中间产物能在好氧条件下进一步矿化.对各反应器中主要的代谢产物分别进行紫外-可见、红外(FT-IR)和高效液相色-质联谱仪(HPLC-MS)检测分析后发现,母体染料经兼氧水解首先生成1-氨基-2-羟基蒽醌以及还原态的-OH基取代蒽醌隐色体,进一步水解生成3,4-二羟基苯甲酸.再经好氧处理,降解终产物中检测到了质荷比为101、102的脂肪类碳氢化合物、胺及醇等物质,未见有共轭结构存在.     

Distribution normality of pH and H<Superscript>+</Superscript> activity in soil

Soil pH, a log-transformed form of hydrogen ion (H⁺) activity, is often used for various statistics. However whether soil pH meets the requirement of distribution normality for statistical analyses is unknown. We studied the statistical suitability of both soil pH and H⁺ activity by examining their distribution normalities. Results show that the variability of H⁺ activity is higher and its distribution is skewer, which is significantly different from the normal and soil pH, regardless of soil conditions and analytical methods. Here we demonstrate that soil pH is more appropriate than the H⁺ activity for performing statistical analysis in terms of distribution normality.     

赣州高级技工学校滑坡成因分析及稳定性评价

本文从地形地貌、岩性、降水等方面综合分析了赣州高级技工学校滑坡的成因,并通过定量计算,分析了滑坡在天然及饱和状态下的稳定性,提出了滑坡的治理方案。     

引黄灌区不同尺度农田土壤重金属空间分布及污染评价：以银川市兴庆区为例

确定农田土壤重金属分布及其污染状况,对于评价农业生态环境质量、保障食品安全和人类健康都具有重要作用.以宁夏引黄灌区农田土壤为研究对象,在10 m(L尺度)和1 m(M尺度)两种尺度上网格取样,共取耕层土样(0~20 cm)223个,利用经典统计和地统计相结合的方法对土壤铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)的空间变异性进行研究,并利用单因子指数(Pi)和内梅罗综合指数(P综)评价土壤重金属的污染程度.结果表明,两种尺度下,Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb均属中等变异性,其变异系数(CV)顺序为:Cd>Pb>Cr>Zn>Cu.地统计分析表明,L尺度下Cd和M尺度下Pb块金系数为100%,表现为纯块金效应,主要受随机因素影响,具较弱的空间相关性.其它重金属元素在两种尺度下块金系数均小于25%,说明主要受结构性因素的影响,具有强烈的空间相关性.结合Pi和P综值可知,两种尺度下除了Cu外,其它4种重金属元素出现轻度污染的样点数较多,表明研究区已出现重金属富集的趋势.     

Optimal nonpoint source pollution control strategies for a reservoir watershed in Taiwan

The purpose of this study is to develop a model for optimal nonpoint source pollution control for the Fei-Tsui Reservoir watershed in Northern Taiwan. Several structural best management practices (BMPs) are selected to treat stormwater runoff. The complete model consists of two interacting components: an optimization model based on discrete differential dynamic programming (DDDP) and a zero-dimensional reservoir water quality model. A predefined procedure is used to locate suitable sites for construction of various selected BMPs in the watershed. In the optimization model, the objective function is to find the best combination of BMP type and placement, which minimizes the total construction and operation, maintenance, and repair (OMR) costs of the BMPs. The constraints are the water quality standards for total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in the reservoir. A zero-dimensional reservoir water quality model of the Vollenweider type is embedded in the optimization framework to simulate pollutant concentrations in Fei-Tsui Reservoir. The resulting optimal cost and benefit of water quality improvement are depicted by the model-derived trade-off curves. The modeling framework developed in the present study could be used as an efficient tool for planning a watershed-wide implementation of BMPs for mitigating stormwater pollution impact on the receiving water bodies.     

洪泽湖湿地生态服务功能分区及其效益分析

总结了洪泽湖湿地的11种生态服务功能,采用生态服务功能相容性分析方法,将洪泽湖湿地生态系统划分为6个功能区:重要物种栖息区、湖体水产养殖区、水产品精养区、水源供应区、社会文化功能区和污染物降解区,并提出了相应的保护措施。     

Analysis of macroinvertebrate assemblages in relation to environmental gradients among lotic habitats of California's Central Valley

We assessed relationships between environmental characteristicsand macroinvertebrate assemblages in lotic habitats of California's Central Valley with community metric and multivariate statistical approaches. Using canonical ordinationanalyses, we contrasted results when assemblage structure was assessed with macroinvertebrate metrics, as suggested for use inindices of biotic integrity, or with genera abundances. Our objectives were to identify metrics or taxa diagnostic of loticenvironmental stressors and compare the capacity of theseapproaches to detect stressors in order to suggest how they mightbe used to diagnose stressors. For macroinvertebrate metrics,redundancy analysis (RDA) extracted three axes correlated withchannel morphology and substrates. For genera abundances, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) extracted two axescorrelated with soluble salts and with channel morphology andsubstrates but did not separate these gradients onto differentaxes. Cluster analyses identified five RDA and five CCA sitegroups, which exhibited differences for environmental variables,metrics, or genera abundances, and agreement between the analysesin partitioning of sites was greater than if sites were partitioned randomly. These approaches differ in their abilityto detect environmental stressors, because they measure differentaspects of assemblages and would be complementary in design ofnew metrics diagnostic of stressors.     

安全生产效益的分析评价及其与安全投入的关系

通过把握和界定安全效益、安全投入等反映安全生产的经济活动特征和规律的经济学范畴的内涵,指出从企业的经营利润指标上看安全投入不能带来直接经济效益,只产生远期(长远)的、潜在的间接性效益,包括间接经济效益和非经济效益,安全投入的效益具有间接性、潜在性、隐形性、不确定性和迟滞性。由于生产安全事故风险不可能为零,当事故预防水平达到一定程度(可接受的程度及其以下)时,通过增加经济投入提高预防水平而对于事故风险的削减无明显的效果,就应考虑与经济效益的结合问题。笔者提出安全投入数量限度问题和安全投入的阈值;并进一步建立安全效益评价模型和安全投入与安全指标的函数关系模型,对安全投入与安全水平(安全指标)、安全效益的关联关系进行了定性分析。