穗花狐尾藻铅吸附特征与机理

为探讨沉水植物对低浓度重金属废水的吸附特征,研究了不同重金属质量浓度及pH影响下,穗花狐尾藻鲜样在单一、二元和三元金属离子体系中对Pb2+的生物吸附特征及吸附机理. 结果表明,在单一Pb2+体系中,穗花狐尾藻对Pb2+的吸附能力随pH的升高而增强; 当初始ρ(Pb2+)为100mg/L、初始pH为6.5时,Pb2+吸附率可达80.95%. Cu2+和Zn2+的存在负向干扰穗花狐尾藻对Pb2+的吸附; 当初始ρ(Cu2+)和ρ(Pb2+)均为250mg/L时,Cu2+干扰下Pb2+吸附量降低为单一体系中Pb2+吸附量的62.40%. Sips和Langmuir模型的拟合效果优于Freundlich模型. 根据Langmuir模型模拟,穗花狐尾藻对Pb2+的理论最大吸附量(q_max)可达52.12mg/g. 红外光谱分析表明,—OH、—C=O、—COOH、C—O及C—H为主要作用基团. 吸附Pb2+后,溶液中矿质元素含量增加,ρ(Ca2+)和ρ(Mg2+)与初始ρ(Pb2+)达到极显著正相关(R_Ca2+=0.943,P<0.01;R_Mg2+=0.915,P<0.01). Pb2+更易与Ca2+和Mg2+产生离子交换而被吸附.      

不同水深条件下狐尾藻生长对沉积物氮磷的影响

采用巢湖原位试验研究了80、160和240 cm 3个水深条件下生长的沉水植物狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum L.）对沉积物和间隙水中氮磷的影响。结果表明,狐尾藻的株高和生物量随着水深的增加总体呈下降趋势,并且其差异随着生长期的延长而加大,水深为240 cm的条件下狐尾藻具有最小的株高和生物量,即240 cm的大水深条件不利于狐尾藻的个体形态构建;而相对浅的水深条件（80和160 cm）则是其生长的较佳生境。狐尾藻的生长过程中能够通过根系吸收和根际环境的改变使沉积物和间隙水中的氮磷含量明显下降,一定程度上降低了沉积物氮磷向上覆水体释放的风险,并且其抑制能力随着不同水深条件下植株的长势不同而有所差异,即在植株生长良好的浅水条件下其对沉积物和间隙水中氮磷的抑制效果更佳。因此,较浅的水环境有利于沉水植物的生长,同时还能充分发挥植物对沉积物氮磷的控释作用。     

不同氮、磷浓度对穗花狐尾藻生长及酚类物质含量的影响

为揭示解营养物质对穗花狐尾藻生长及其体内酚类物质的影响,研究了不同氮、磷浓度下穗花狐尾藻体内可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和总酚含量的变化及与酚类代谢相关酶——苯丙氨酸裂解酶(Pheny lalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)的活性.结果表明,不同氮、磷条件下,穗花狐尾藻顶端组织中可溶性蛋白含量没有明显变化,低氮、低磷水平下顶端组织中可溶性糖含量分别为50.91、38.25mg.g-1(以干重计),均高于对照组,表明穗花狐尾藻体内可溶性糖对氮、磷胁迫的响应较可溶性蛋白敏感.不同氮浓度(0.875、7.0、56.0mg.L-1)和磷浓度(0.194、1.55、12.4mg.L-1)下,穗花狐尾藻顶端组织中总酚含量分别为44.74、24.42、29.73mg.g-1和37.77、30.60、36.05mg.g-1(以干重计),对应PAL酶活性的变化趋势与酚类物质变化趋势一致,而生物量增长率与酚类物质变化趋势相反,即过高和过低的氮、磷胁迫均会导致穗花狐尾藻生物量增长率的降低及体内酚类物质含量的升高.     

Uptake and Modeling of Pesticides by Roots and Shoots of Parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum) (5 pp)

Intention, Goal, Scope, Background Aquatic plants have a great potential to function as in situ, on-site biosinks and biofilters of pollutants. They are used for phytoremediation and phytotoxicity studies. Pesticide uptake studies are very important to predict contaminant accumulation, translocation, and transformation. There are a lot of models which have been developed for emergent plants, but there are not any existing models for submerged aquatic plants for assessing pesticide uptake. Objective In this study, uptake of selected pesticides in parrotfeather (Myriophyllum aquaticum) were studied and the results were modeled with the aid of Log Kow and the concentration of pesticides. At the end, the developed model was compared to other existing models. Methods The test was conducted with parrotfeather as a model plant. The bioassay and cultivation of this plant were examined. Pesticide uptake by roots and shoots was determined using 14C-radiolabeled materials. Results and Discussion The results were fitted with an equation that showed a relationship between uptake and lipophilicity of pesticides. The model was compared with other pesticide uptake models developed for other plants. Atrazine and cycloxidim were taken up more by roots than by shoots in comparison to other pesticides used. The total uptake, both in shoots and roots, was lower than for terbutryn and trifluralin. The best appropriate model was developed from the results against the other models seen in the literature. The concentration factors (Root Concentration Factor (RCF) and Submerged Shoot Concentration Factor (SSCF)) increased with a higher Kow of the substances. The Submerged Shoot Concentration Factor (SSCF) revealed a better relationship of the chemicals than did the Root Concentration Factor (RCF). Conclusions In this study, an uptake model was developed for rooted, submerged aquatic plants. Further studies are necessary to develop and compare models with different plants and pesticides. Recommendation and Outlook Such studies as this one may be extended to other environmental pollutants in the aquatic ecosystem and may be employed to evaluate the possibility of using different plants in phytoremediation studies.     

一株穗花狐尾藻内生菌的分离鉴定及其溶磷特征研究

通过组织表面消毒、切面培养和共生培养的方法从健康的穗花狐尾藻植株体内分离获得了一株具有较强溶磷能力的内生菌,系统发育分析和VITEK 2系统鉴定结果表明,内生菌与沙雷氏菌的亲缘关系最近,因此,命名为Serratia sp.SP5.纯培养实验表明,菌株SP5通过产生酸性物质溶磷,在培养96 h后溶磷能力达到最大,溶解性磷酸根的浓度高达269.60 mg·L-1,培养液的p H值下降至4.32.氮源通过降低菌株SP5的产酸能力而间接影响了其对磷的释放能力,菌株SP5溶磷的氮源优先利用顺序为铵根离子硝酸根离子尿素.适宜菌株SP5生长的p H值范围为5~9,酸性条件下菌株的溶磷能力大于碱性条件,而在p H值为7时与对照相比菌株对磷的相对释放量最大.p H值达到9时,菌株无明显溶磷能力.共存高浓度的金属离子时菌株SP5的溶磷效果明显降低,影响程度的大小顺序为MnFeMg.菌株SP5溶磷的最佳碳氮比为35∶1,在相同碳氮比下,不同的碳氮量会明显影响溶磷效果.底泥模拟培养条件下,菌株SP5可通过释放底泥中的闭蓄态磷(O-P)和钙磷(Ca-P)而明显提高水相中的磷酸根离子浓度,与对照相比,底泥中这两种磷形态分别下降了15.21%和34.87%,而水相中溶解性磷酸根离子是对照的1.5~2.0倍.研究结果为研究富营养化水体中磷的生物地球化学过程提供了新的科学数据.     

Limitations of Gravity Models in Predicting the Spread of Eurasian Watermilfoil

Abstract: The effects of non‐native invasive species are costly and environmentally damaging, and resources to slow their spread and reduce their effects are scarce. Models that accurately predict where new invasions will occur could guide the efficient allocation of resources to slow colonization. We assessed the accuracy of a model that predicts the probability of colonization of lakes in Wisconsin by Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum). We based this predictive model on 9 years (1990–1999) of sequence data of milfoil colonization of lakes larger than 25 ha (n =1803). We used milfoil colonization sequence data from 2000 to 2006 to test whether the model accurately predicted the number of lakes that actually were colonized from among the 200 lakes identified as being most likely to be colonized. We found that a lake's predicted probability of colonization was not correlated with whether a lake actually was colonized. Given the low predictability of colonization of specific lakes, we compared the efficacy of preventing milfoil from leaving occupied sites, which does not require predicting colonization probability, with protecting vacant sites from being colonized, which does require predicting colonization probability. Preventing organisms from leaving colonized sites reduced the likelihood of spread more than protecting vacant sites. Although we focused on the spread of a single species in a particular region, our results show the shortcomings of gravity models in predicting the spread of numerous non‐native species to a variety of locations via a wide range of vectors.     

污水氮浓度对粉绿狐尾藻去氮能力的影响

粉绿狐尾藻是构建人工湿地的重要植物,对污水具有较强的净化作用,但有关其去氮能力及其与污水氮浓度的关系尚不清楚.本试验采用人工模拟盆栽试验,设2、5、10、20、100、200、400 mg·L~(-1)共7个氮水平,研究污水氮浓度对粉绿狐尾藻去氮能力的影响.结果表明,氮浓度不高于20 mg·L~(-1)时,前3周粉绿狐尾藻以20 mg·L~(-1)生长最好,处理1周水体总氮和氨氮的去除率接近100%,而硝态氮浓度低、变化不大;粉绿狐尾藻氮含量因氮浓度变化不大但部位间有"上高下低"趋势,且粉绿狐尾藻还利用了底泥氮.氮浓度100~400 mg·L~(-1)时,4~5周以氮浓度200 mg·L~(-1)粉绿狐尾藻生长最好;处理5周总氮去除率依次为76.5%、71.5%和48.1%,氨氮去除率依次为99.6%、99.3%和60.2%;各处理硝态氮去除率约为50%且处理间差异不大;粉绿狐尾藻氮含量随氮浓度而升高,但部位间差异小、呈均匀分布;粉绿狐尾藻积累氮、底泥固定氮分别占水体去除氮的27.9%~48.4%和12.2%~24.4%.因此,粉绿狐尾藻去氮能力受污水氮浓度的显著影响,去除氨氮率显著高于硝态氮;氮浓度还影响粉绿狐尾藻对氮的吸收积累和分配机制,值得深入研究.     

有机质腐解对穗花狐尾藻生长及磷积累的影响

在室内以原沉积物（处理1）和分别添加0.5%与1%有机质（植物残体）（处理2和处理3）的沉积物作为底质培养沉水植物,研究了植物残体的腐解对穗花狐尾藻生长及各器官磷积累的影响。结果表明：在试验的早期阶段,植物残体的腐解对狐尾藻的生长及磷积累有一定的抑制,其干质量积累量与磷积累量均表现为处理1〉处理2〉处理3,与处理1相比,处理2和处理3植株干质量积累量分别降低了16.9%和24.35%,磷积累量降低了24.38%和44.18%;但在培养的中后期,则表现为处理2〉处理3〉处理1,与处理1相比,处理2和处理3的穗花狐尾藻干质量和磷积累量分别增加了22.45%和7.48%、75.53%和17.21%。整个培养实验结果表明低含量植物残体的残留,促进了植株生长及磷积累,但当植物残体残留过高时,沉水植物的生长及磷积累受到抑制。3个处理不同器官干质量和磷分配比均表现为叶〉茎〉根,叶是穗花狐尾藻主要的磷累积器官。     

河套地区几种沉水植物无性繁衍特性研究

沉水植物对于湖泊生态系统有着重要的作用,它们不仅是水生环境食物链中重要的生产者,同时还对湖泊的营养物沉积和循环有着重要的作用,从而影响着湖泊的富营养化进程。本文以黄河内蒙古段河套灌区湖泊中常见的三种沉水植物篦齿眼子菜（Potamogeton pectinatus）、穿叶眼子菜（Potamogeton perfoliatus Linn）和狐尾藻（Myriophyllum verticillatum）为研究对象,对其无性繁殖方式和能力进行了初步研究。观察了这三种植物的营养繁殖结构,并利用茎节切段进行了人工培养试验。结果表明：三种植物均具有很高的营养繁殖潜力。由茎节处萌发新芽和新根并逐渐形成完整的植物体。植株地上部分截断后扦插及漂浮水中处理的成活率较高。而截断后的地下根茎及匍匐茎埋入淤泥后成活率极低。根据三种植物的营养繁殖潜力,探讨了人为收获这些植物的可能性以及其利用潜力。同时,评估了收获这些植物可能对湖泊水生植物群系改变以及湖泊富营养化转型的风险。     

附植藻类对沉水植物狐尾藻生长及生理的影响

为进一步了解附植藻类对沉水植物的影响,以狐尾藻为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,研究了有无附植藻类情况下,狐尾藻根长、株长、生物量、可溶性蛋白含量、叶绿素含量、MDA含量、SOD、POD以及CAT等的变化情况.结果表明:未添加藻类处理组中狐尾藻的生物量最大是添加藻类处理组的2.49倍,实验末期未添加藻类处理组的叶绿素含量是添加藻类处理组的1.87倍,说明附植藻类的大量繁殖会影响狐尾藻生物量的合成,降低狐尾藻的叶绿素含量;添加附植藻类处理组的POD和CAT酶活性在实验后期均显著高于无附植藻类的处理组,且实验末期狐尾藻的MDA含量显著上升,说明附植藻类的大量繁殖使狐尾藻细胞膜损害严重,影响了抗氧化保护酶系统,最终导致狐尾藻衰败显著.附植藻类的大量繁殖是沉水植物衰败的原因之一.