Quantification of net primary production of Chinese forest ecosystems with spatial statistical approaches

Net primary production (NPP) of terrestrial ecosystems provides food, fiber, construction materials, and energy to humans. Its demand is likely to increase substantially in this century due to rising population and biofuel uses. Assessing national forest NPP is of importance to best use forest resources in China. To date, most estimates of NPP are based on process-based ecosystem modeling, forestry inventory, and satellite observations. There are little efforts in using spatial statistical approaches while large datasets of in-situ observed NPP are available for Chinese forest ecosystems. Here we use the surveyed forest NPP and ecological data at 1,266 sites, the data of satellite forest coverage, and the information of climate and topography to estimate Chinese forest NPP and their associated uncertainties with two geospatial statistical approaches. We estimate that the Chinese forest and woodland ecosystems have total NPP of 1,325 ± 102 and 1,258 ± 186 Tg C year⁻¹ in 1.57 million km² forests with a regression method and a kriging method, respectively. These estimates are higher than the satellite-based estimate of 1,034 Tg C year⁻¹ and almost double the estimate of 778 Tg C year⁻¹ using a process-based terrestrial ecosystem model. Cross-validation suggests that the estimates with the kriging method are more accurate. Our developed geospatial statistical models could be alternative tools to provide national-level NPP estimates to better use Chinese forest resources.     

中国南部样带植被NPP与气候的关系

以全球变暖为背景,以中国南部区域18.00°～7.50°N,108.50°～112.50°E样带为研究对象,以纬度为梯度,应用CRU(Climate Research Unit)全球观测数据集和CO2体积分数倍增后的2050年模拟气候状况作为平衡态陆地生物圈模型BIOME4的气候驱动,对中国南部样带历史100 a和未来50 a间的潜在植被净初级生产力(net primary production,NPP)和叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)变化进行模拟和统计分析.结果显示样带内影响NPP的主要因素为年最低温度和年均降雨量,影响LAI的主要因素为年均温度和年均降雨量.植被类型变化与气候变化所造成的NPP、LAI变化略有不同.样带较高纬度地区,植被类型变化与气候变化造成的NPP均值差异较小而LAI则差异较大.未来气候状况下NPP、LAI都有大幅度的增加,但不同纬度增幅不同.     

1996～2015年云贵川草地生态系统生产力的时空格局

云贵川草地是中国草地的重要组成部分,在我国生态文明建设和响应全球气候变化中具有重要的地位,分析其净初级生产力（NPP）变化格局具有重要意义。利用研究区的AVHRR、MODIS遥感影像等数据及周边地区的气象资料,结合改进的CASA模型,对云贵川地区草地1996～2015年20 a间的NPP及草地植被相关生态特征进行估算,并对其时空特征及影响因素进行分析。结果表明：（1）20 a间云贵川草地NDVI值变化规律性明显,97.18%的草地面积年平均NDVImax呈现增加趋势。（2）20 a间云贵川草地NPP总体上呈现出“西北低、西南高、东部居中”的空间格局,年均NPP值为420.85 gC·m-2。 （3）时间格局上,20 a间整个云贵川区域逐年平均NPP值虽然有一定的波动性,但仍以7.2322 gC·m-2·a-1的速率在增加。20 a间夏季NPP平均值最高,为160.25 gC·m-2;春季次之,NPP平均值为 109.10 gC·m-2;秋季与春季相比,NPP值稍低,为106.10 gC·m-2;冬季最低,为54.03 gC·m-2。     

浅谈核电厂辐射环境现场监督性监测系统建设要求及建议

随着核电快速发展期的到来,政府和公众越来越重视核电厂外围辐射环境监督性监测。本文介绍了核电厂辐射环境现场监督性监测系统建设的要求,讨论了监督性监测系统在选址阶段、建设阶段容易忽视的主要问题,并提出了应重视系统常规和应急监测的兼顾性、重视与原有数据汇总中心接入的有效性和重视软件建设的同步开展的建议。     

内蒙古草地NPP变化及其对气候的响应

植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)是衡量植物群落在自然环境条件下生产能力的重要指标,NPP的变化直接反映了生态系统对环境气候条件的响应,因此可以作为生态系统功能对气候变化响应的研究指标.本文利用卫星遥感资料和地面气象观测资料,利用光能利用率模型估算了内蒙古地区1982-2003年4-10月草地NPP,并计算了与NPP密切相关的几个气候因子,分析了1982-2003年内蒙古地区草地NPP年际性变化规律、气候因子的年际变化规律,以及草地NPP对主要气候因子的响应关系.结果表明:1982-2003年内蒙古草地生长季的NPP呈波动中增加趋势,NPP的年平均递增率为C0.0036 g·m-2·Gr-1;草地NPP的空间分布与生物温度(BT)及可能蒸散率(PER)呈显著负相关,与降雨量(RAIN)、湿润度(K)及实际蒸散(AE)呈极显著正相关.内蒙古地区,草地NPP受降雨量(RAIN)及生物温度(BT)的影响较大.但NPP的变化受RAIN的影响更为明显;内蒙古地区不同草地类型的NPP变化对气候因子的响应略有不同.     

三江源区草地生态系统质量及其动态变化

为探讨三江源区2000—2010年草地植被的时空演变特征,定量评价三江源区草地生态系统质量及其动态变化,采用植被覆盖度和NPP 2个生态参数,分析三江源区草地生态系统的时间变化特征和空间分布规律.结果表明:2000—2010年三江源区草地年均植被覆盖度为26.89%,年均NPP（以C计）为34.35 g/m2,11 a间二者均呈增加趋势.三江源区草地质量具有明显的季节性变化特征,呈南高北低、东高西低的空间分布格局.从11 a的平均结果来看,三江源区草地植被覆盖度在8月达到最大值,约为59.19%;而草地NPP在7月达到最大值,为98.53 g/m2.气温是三江源区草地植被覆盖度变化的主要影响因子,而雨热不同期则造成三江源区草地NPP的年际波动变化.植被覆盖变化是气候变化和人类活动共同作用的结果.研究显示,2000—2010年三江源区草地生态系统质量有所改善,特别是生态工程实施后,草地生态系统质量明显好转.三江源区需在促进农牧业产业升级和资源优化配置的基础上,继续采取积极的减压增效措施,真正实现草畜平衡,达到生态保护的目的.      

Modeling Carbon and Water Budgets in the Lushi Basin with Biome-BGC

1 INTRODUCTIONEvapotranspiration (ET) is the key process controlling theexchange of energy and hydrologic flux for vegetatedsurface. Terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP)represents the carbon available for plant allocation toleaves, stems, roots, defensive compounds, reproductionand is the basic measure of biological productivity. Treegrowth, forage available for grazing, food productivity,and atmospheric CO2 levels are all strongly controlled byNPP (White et al., 2000). The exch…     

Modeling Carbon and Water Budgets in the Lushi Basin with Biome-BGC

Abstract

In this article, annual evapotranspiration (ET) and net primary productivity (NPP) of four types of vegetation were estimated for the Lushi basin, a subbasin of the Yellow River in China. These four vegetation types include: deciduous broadleaf forest, evergreen needle leaf forest, dwarf shrub and grass. Biome-BGC—a biogeochemical process model was used to calculate annual ET and NPP for each vegetation type in the study area from 1954 to 2000. Daily microclimate data of 47 years monitored by Lushi meteorological station was extrapolated to cover the basin using MT-CLIM, a mountain microclimate simulator. The output files of MT-CLIM were used to feed Biome-BGC. We used average ecophysiological values of each type of vegetation supplied by Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group (NTSG) in the University of Montana as input ecophysiological constants file. The estimates of daily NPP in early July and annual ET on these four biome groups were compared respectively with field measurements and other studies. Daily gross primary production (GPP) of evergreen needle leaf forest measurements were very close to the output of Biome-BGC, but measurements of broadleaf forest and dwarf shrub were much smaller than the simulation result. Simulated annual ET and NPP had a significant correlation with precipitation, indicating precipitation is the major environmental factor affecting ET and NPP in the study area. Precipitation also is the key climatic factor for the interannual ET and NPP variations.     

华北植被的净初级生产力研究及其时空格局分析

在CASA模型的基础上,建立了利用NOAA/AVHRR 1B卫星资料和气象资料估算植被净初级生产力(NPP)的技术方法,该方法有3个特色:直接利用NOAA/AVHRR 1B卫星数据,不需要经过大气校正和方向反射率校正来实现NPP估算;考虑了植被覆盖类型对光能利用率的影响;考虑了植被反照率在计算净辐射中的差异。利用该方法对2007年华北地区的NPP模拟结果表明:2007年华北地区植被的年总NPP为3.68×1014gC/a,各省总的NPP贡献率依次为:内蒙古64%、山西20%、河北13%、北京2%和天津1%,各季的贡献率大小依次为:夏季67%,秋季17%、春季15%,冬季1%。不同植被类型年NPP分别为:森林灌丛为271~560 gC/m2.a,草原为97~278 gC/m2.a,农田为363~376 gC/m2.a,建筑居民地为216 gC/m2.a,荒漠裸地为14 gC/m2.a。受物候和气候因素影响,不同植被类型NPP具有不同的年变化。     

近十年长三角地区陆地净第一性生产力时空变化

陆地净第一性生产力（NPP）是陆地生态系统的一项重要指示性指标,与碳循环过程和全球气候变化密切相关,不仅已成为地学研究的热点问题,更受到各国政府的高度重视。长三角地区是我国经济最发达、最具综合竞争力的地区之一,该地区的陆地生态系统同时承受着自然因素及高强度人为活动的双重影响。因此,利用CASA模型,在RS和GIS技术支撑下,探讨近十年来长三角地区陆地NPP的时空演变规律及控制因子,以期为进一步开展高强度人为活动对陆地系统碳循环过程的影响研究提供基础参数。主要结论如下：（1）在时间上呈下降趋势：近十年长三角地区陆地NPP呈现3 a周期式波动下降;（2）在空间上分异规律明显：陆地NPP分布为浙江＞江苏＞上海,呈现南北高中间低的凹槽状;（3）控制NPP的自然要素是NDVI和太阳辐射,而城市化是NPP变化的主要社会经济要素