氙灯曝露试验中标准物质的用途及使用方法

本文介绍了氙灯曝露试验中应用的主要标准物质,它们的用途及使用方法,着重介绍了蓝色羊毛标准、聚苯乙烯标准塑料片的应用.     

Microbiological water quality and its relation to nitrogen and phosphorus at the Pareja limno-reservoir (Guadalajara, Spain)

Bordering on the edge of the Entrepeñas reservoir (Guadalajara, Spain), next to the village of Pareja, a small dam that allows a body of water to develop with a constant level has been built. Initiatives like this (which we have termed “limno-reservoirs”) are innovative in Spain and around the world. Earlier reservoirs such as this one were constructed to create a habitat for birds, but the Pareja limno-reservoir is the first to promote socio-economic development.     

毛纺废水中有机卤化物的产生,测定和处理

毛纺加工过程产生有机卤化物，以人类造成极大危害，近几年越来越受到重视，文章综述了有机卤化物的毛纺加工各工序中的产生，可吸附有机卤化物等的测定及其处理方法和相关立法状况。     

Goshute Native American Tribe and Nuclear Waste: Complexities and Contradictions of a Bounded-Constitutive Relationship

This essay examines discourse from members of the Skull Valley Goshute Native American tribe about the nuclear-waste proposal and tribal controversy. Building from Kinsella's “bounded-constitutive” theoretical model of communication, I argue the environment (material) is more than a context where Goshute culture and policy development (symbolic) plays out. Rather, environment, culture, and policy mutually define each other, and the material environment constrains Goshute culture. Instead of the symbolic unilaterally influencing the material, the material responds and acts to influence the symbolic. The symbolic becomes responsible to the material and vice versa as the relationship is multi-influential and interactive creating political, cultural, and environmental complexities and contradictions while fueling intra-tribal conflict.     

洗毛废水及其处理技术进展

综述了洗毛废水的来源、性质以及处理洗毛废水的工艺特点，重点介绍了洗毛废水处理的技术方法以及研究进展，并指出了各自的洗涤原理和优缺点。     

Self-organization theories and environmental management: The case of South Moresby,Canada

This article presents a new approach to the analysis and management of large-scale societal problems with complex ecological, economic, and social dimensions. The approach is based on the theory of self-organizing systems—complex, open, far-from-equilibrium systems with nonlinear dynamics. A brief overview and comparison of different self-organization theories (synergetics, self-organization theory, hypercycles, and autopoiesis) is presented in order to isolate the key characteristics of such systems.The approach is used to develop an analysis of the landuse controversy in the South Moresby area of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada. Critical variables are identified for each subsystem and classified by spatial and temporal scale, and discussed in terms of information content and internal/external origin. Eradication of sea otters, introduction of black-tailed deer, impacts of large-scale clearcut logging, sustainability of the coastal forest industry, and changing relations between native peoples and governments are discussed in detail to illustrate the system dynamics of the South Moresby sociobiophysical system. Finally, implications of the self-organizing sociobiophysical system view for regional analysis and management are identified.     

Botanical composition, soil and forage quality under different management regimes in Russian grasslands

Little is known on how management of Russian native grasslands affects botanical composition, soil and forage properties. Three fields were sampled in the V.V. Alekhin Central-Chernozem Biosphere State Reserve in the Kursk region of Russia: a native grassland (not cultivated for at least 300 years), a grazed/hay field with 4 years of annual harvest followed by 1 year of rest (periodically-cut grazed/hay field), and a yearly-cut grazed/hay field. Soil samples were collected from the top 10 cm and analyzed. Plant species were identified at the sampling sites and this plant material was used to determine total elemental analysis of forage, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and lignin concentrations. Above-ground live and dead plant material and roots were analyzed for C, N and lignin. Soil sample analysis showed that fields were comparable in terms of soil chemical and physical properties. SOC and N contents were not statistically different in the native and yearly grazed/hay fields. Soil bulk density significantly increased as a result of utilization, from 0.80±0.09 Mg m⁻³ for the native grassland to 0.97±0.06 Mg m⁻³ for the yearly grazed/hay field. A total of 107 different plant species were recorded at the three fields. There were changes in plant composition among the fields. The native grassland field had the least number of plant species (41) followed by the yearly-cut grazed/hay field (68), and the periodically-cut grazed/hay field (87). There was a greater proportion of grass species (20%) in the native grassland field. Dead plant biomass and roots from the grazed/hay fields were higher in N and lignin concentrations. Forage mineral concentration was highest in the periodically-cut hay field. No significant differences were observed in terms of forage properties.     

Ski slope vegetation in central Honshu,Japan

To determine the status of the vegetation of ski slopes in northeastern-central Honshu, Japan, 94 plots (2×2 m) were set up on five ski areas (101–520 m elevation) which were established between 1945 and 1985 by forest clear-cutting, land modification, and seeding. Six vegetation types were recognized: five grasslands dominated byDigitaria adscendens, Miscanthus sinensis, Zoysia japonica, Festuca rubra, andPteridium aquilinum var.latiusculum, respectively, and bare areas of very low to no vegetation cover. Of the dominant species,F. rubra is the only introduced species; it does not, however, appear to persist. After the introduced grassland declinesM. sinensis or annual grasslands develop. Native plants, especially woody species, can establish inM. sinensis grassland but do not establish in the other grasslands. It is concluded that the introduction of exotic species is inappropriate to maintain ski slope vegetation, and the development ofM. sinensis grassland is desirable to promote natural revegetation.     

铜污染草地对放牧乌蒙半细毛羊矿物质元素代谢的影响

为了评价草地铜污染对放牧乌蒙半细毛羊的影响,探讨铜污染的治理方法,在乌蒙山区的妈姑镇和凉水沟开展草地放牧试验和矿物质元素补充研究。应用原子发射光谱分析土壤、牧草和动物组织的重金属含量,应用全自动血液分析仪分析血液指标。放牧试验的结果显示:铜污染草地放牧明显增加了动物组织铜和锌的含量(P 0.01),降低了动物组织钼和铁的含量(P 0.01),试验结束时,试验组动物的血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(PCV)、红细胞数(RBC)和平均红细胞体积(MCV)显著低于对照组(P 0.01),羊毛产量和长度显著低于对照组(P 0.01)。矿物质元素补充试验的结果显示:补充硫酸钠明显降低了铜污染草地放牧动物血液和肝脏铜元素含量,补充试验结束时,处理Ⅰ组动物血液的Hb、PCV、RBC和MCV显著高于处理Ⅱ组(P 0.01),血液指标达到正常范围。处理Ⅱ组动物血液和肝脏铜元素的含量继续升高,动物组织钼的含量继续降低(P 0.01),Hb、PCV和RBC继续下降,试验结束时出现溶血性贫血,但补充硫对羊毛品质的相关指标没有显著的影响。研究表明,铜污染草地严重影响了乌蒙半细毛羊的矿物质代谢,补充硫酸钠可以部分拮抗铜的毒性。     

Environmental and technological studies on the interaction of wool with some metal ions

The technical feasibility of using a suitable sorbent for the removal of some heavy metal ions from their aqueous solutions was investigated. The scope of the work covers the use of low-class native wool or wool wastes from industrial processes or from recycled woolen textiles for the removal of copper, nickel, cobalt, chromium, and zinc ions from their effluents. The sorption efficiency of the aforementioned metals by wool is in the following order: copper?>?cobalt?=?nickel?>?zinc?>?chromium.

The effect of time of sorption, temperature of the effluent, and concentration of metal ions on the rate of sorption was examined. The effect of oxidation or reduction of wool on its sorption power of copper ions is studied. The reduced wool was found to be better than native or oxidised wool in the sorption of copper metal from its effluents. The reuse of wool as metal sorber after elution of the metal, using hydrochloric acid, was also studied. It was found that wool can be reused for sorption after elution of copper up to 25 times of elution; a very limited amount of permanently fixed copper was observed. The use of sufficient woolen layers displays the best way of obtaining an effluent of zero copper content.